IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 27

outcomes include increased mental health symptoms,
self-harm, substance use, and various other
significant negative impacts on individual lives,
families, and livelihoods [22]. Where healthcare
professionals have not been available, technologists
working in concert with transdisciplinary
teams (e.g., inclusive of medical practitioners) have
started to ponder on the future of mental health
support and treatment options (Table 1) [23]. Note
that while the treatment options are presented separately
in this table, the likelihood that there will
be blended solutions is very high. For example, a
first mental health consultation could take place in
person, followed by remote video consultations if
the patient lives in a rural area. Additionally, short
message service (SMS) might be used to augment
in-person consultations, to provide daily remedial
support, for example, reminding patients to take
their medication at the same time each day, and
checking in otherwise with simple " Y " (yes) or
" N " (no) responses to questions. In this article, we
primarily focus our attention on standalone applications
rather than those offered concurrently with
traditional care.
Efficacy of digital mental health apps
" Online therapy " is not new [24]. But it was in
2016 that Nature published a piece by Emily Anthes
that called for more testing of mobile digital mental
health apps, dubbed " pocket psychiatry, " drawing
attention to the shaping of the field and the wider
and more profound application of the method [25].
Overall, there are increasing numbers of commercially
available applications and very few have been
clinically validated, according to a 2018 systematic
review [26]. This review and another conducted in
2017 [27] that examined applications and SMSs for
both physical and mental health interventions were
both optimistic but reserved in their conclusions, noting
that applications have been shown to be effective
in many circumstances, but research remains limited.
Indications for the efficacy of standalone digital
Table 1. Eight representative treatment options for those living with mental health conditions.
March 2023
27

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023

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