IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 49

Table 1. Specifications, advantages, and disadvantages of automated and ASs, separately [28], [29], [30], [31].
*
Ethics: There should be mechanisms in the process
design of ASs that can have collective, effective,
and transparent decision making to solve
moral uncertainty, address the absence of human
oversight, and inform about extending ASs [34].
Additional challenges facing ASs are described
below.
Challenges on the battlefield
One of the existing challenges for fully AS is to
implement it on the battlefield [35]. In the human
interaction with the AS part, the critical issue on the
battlefield is discovering a method to control, cooperate,
or collaborate between the AS and operators
[35]. Ha et al. [40] have explored other challenges
in military ground-based operations. They claim that
the ground-based operations of the military, which
depend on satellite communications, encounter
significant challenges, namely, vulnerability against
March 2023
hacking, which leads to misconceptions and ultimately
receiving false coordinates. Moreover, there
are other problems in real-time data processing and
networked communications.
Challenges based on AS capabilities
Hodicky and Prochazka [36] classify the types
of ASs based on their capabilities so that they can
identify the varieties of related challenges. According
to [36], AS capabilities are classified into: interaction
with a real environment, human-machine
interaction, motion planning and execution, and AS
perception. The resemblance of the challenges for
the interaction with a real environment is the interaction
with the unstructured environment, and also an
approach to describe it so that ASs can use it effectively.
The challenge for human-machine interaction
capability is that an effective standard interface for
human-machine communication has not been
49

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