IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2023 - 59

procedures and roles or lead to job eliminations. We
believe implementing comprehensive training and
education programs to help military personnel adapt
to AI technology can mitigate cultural challenges
and ensure a smooth transition. Fostering a culture
of adaptability and openness to change is essential
to facilitate the successful integration of AI within
the defense industry.
Autonomous systems with AI allow for human
replacement in high-risk, dirty, and dull environments,
such as environments contaminated with
chemical weapons. The characteristics of these systems
are to reduce costs and potential risks to combatants.
We think striking the right balance between
autonomy and human control is essential to maintain
accountability and ethical considerations in military
AI systems.
Military systems combined with AI can respond at
gigahertzfrequency ranges. However, this increase in
speed should not go beyond human perception and
control. Fine-tuning AI systems to optimize response
times while accounting for human perception limitations
is vital to maintain control and oversight in
military operations.
AI can multiply cheap military systems and create
robust AI multiagent systems to pressure enemy systems
and make significant savings. The development
of AI may separate the military power of countries
from the economic power and size of the country
so that small countries can use the effects of AI scaling
to create a significant impact on the battlefield.
International regulations and agreements may be
necessary to address concerns regarding the disproportionate
impact of AI scaling on global security
dynamics.
AI in military systems enables analyzing large
datasets, such as high-quality videos from a large
number of drones daily. AI improves information
quality and accelerates data analysis, providing a
war advantage. Efficient AI usage enhances decision-making
and situational awareness but raises
concerns about data security and validation of AI
outputs.
AI algorithms can produce innovative and
unpredictable outcomes, which can be both advantageous
and problematic. Their ability to thoroughly
analyze each operation surpasses human performance.
However, this unpredictability can lead to
unexpected failures. In military programs, AI may
struggle to recognize the environment and consider
September 2023
Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
AI has automated the workforce of data analysts
who used to spend a lot of time analyzing various
data to make essential decisions. Analytical tools
have been developed for multilingual speech recognition
and translation in noisy environments, fusing
2-D images to create 3-D models, geo-locating images
without the associated metadata, and building tools
to infer a building's function based on pattern-of-life
analysis [16], [17].
The integration of AI in intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance (ISR) revolutionized data analysis,
enabling efficient decision-making. However,
concerns about privacy and data misuse arise. The
59
diverse hypotheses, potentially resulting in lethal
effects due to misdiagnosis. Additionally, errors
in one agent can scale throughout the multiagent
system, causing simultaneous disruptions. Extensive
testing, validation, and continuous monitoring
are essential to mitigate the risk of unforeseen failures
and ensure reliable performance in military
applications.
The absence of explainability in advanced AI
algorithms hinders their use in military contexts,
where comprehending AI decisions is vital. Reverse
analysis can aid in understanding these algorithms.
Ambiguity in military settings is a major challenge as
explanatory power validates AI performance. Transparent
and interpretable AI models must be prioritized
in sensitive military applications for trust and
validation.
Increasing AI systems enhances hackable and
exploitable items. If all components share a vulnerability,
it multiplies across existing systems. Software-based
AI is susceptible to theft and enemy
exploitation, with adversaries intentionally disrupting
systems for their advantage. We believe robust
cybersecurity measures and continuous system
hardening are essential to safeguard AI-based military
technologies from potential threats.
AI algorithms for defense applications
In this section, we explore the diverse applications
of AI in the defense sector, highlighting the
potential benefits and challenges associated with
each domain. Integrating AI into military operations
offers significant advantages, but also raises
concerns about ethical implications and potential
risks [16], [17].
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2023
