IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - Spring 2014 - 32

Fig. 2. serious game interface for demand-side self-organization in a smartGrid.

In particular, we refer to interoceptive collective
awareness, i.e., it comes from within the community and is motivated towards a requirement for the
well-being of that community. In this way it is an
interoceptive sense like hunger or thirst, rather than
an exteroceptive sense like sight or sound, which
facilitates a reaction to an (external) environment in
which the sensor is embedded. Collective awareness
can develop synergy and symbiosis between networks
of people and networks of devices and sensors, and
is a critical link between Ostrom-style self-governing
institutions and successful collective action.
Towards a New Institution Science
Building on interoceptive collective awareness, we
propose a new approach to Institution Science, based
on a convergence of first, a mathematical and computational representation of the structures, functions, and
processes of self-organizing institutions implementing
Ostrom's institutional design principles, and secondly,
with tools and theories from Dynamic Social psychology, i.e., the psychological study of complex systems.
There are many different representations offered
by organization theory. However, for our purposes,
to represent the structure, functions, and processes
of institutions (i.e., the objects of study in "institution
science"), we propose identifying the action situations (decision arenas) and the related "participation
space" (as per Ostrom's first principle); the functional
representation of Ostrom's tripartite analysis of rules
into operational, collective, and constitutional choice
rules; and a formal representation of institutional processes that identifies their procedural, temporal, and
normative aspects, typically of concern in the study of
social and organizational systems (cf., [11]).
32

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However, to fully understand the entanglement
of such institutions with people, so that they can
fully support socio-technical systems for infrastructure management, say, then the simplistic
homilies of behavioral economics and the abstract
mathematical formulations of Game Theory are not,
we contend, enough. Instead, formal models of theories of Dynamic Social psychology are required. This
includes: the Dynamic Theory of Social Impact [22],
which specifies the processes by which a collection of
private attitudes and beliefs becomes public opinion,
common knowledge, or a form of culture; the Bubble
Theory of Social Change [23], which specifies how a
sustainable social change may be achieved, and concentrates on changing fragments of social networks
(clusters or bubbles) rather than separate individuals;
and the Dynamic Theory of Societal Transition [24],
which investigates the processes and conditions under
which meso-level social structures can be changed.

The Reinvention of Social Capital
These four research directions are essential for the
reinvention of social capital in socio-technical systems. In particular, we advocate that (see Fig. 3):
■ Social capital is an attribute of groups of individuals and devices that empowers their ability
to solve collective action problems;
■ Social capital has multiple forms: but more than
trustworthiness of individuals, we need trustworthiness of social networking platforms and tools
through design contractualism, and a new institution science founded on dynamic social networks
and self-organization of institutions; and
■ The link between (these new forms of) social capital and successful collective action is provided
IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE

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SprING 2014



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