IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2015 - 38

the average values of assessments of all dimensions
for the three groups of countries.
Noticeable in every case is the importance in institutional criterion given to the techno-economic dimension, followed by the environmental aspect. Yet in the
non-institutional analysis, the social aspect prevails over
the other dimensions. This disproportionate balance of
significance in energy plans between the technico-economic dimension and the other dimensions needs to be
addressed if sustainable development is to be achieved
successfully. This indicates that traditional planning,
which values cost-benefit to the detriment of other areas
of focus, still dominates the energy plans of the representative country groups analyzed in this paper.

Environmental Factors in
Integrated Energy Planning
The IRP approach discussed here prefers a minimum
lifecycle cost for a project over a single cross-sectional
cost, dependent on a number of combinations and decisions. Importantly, the minimum cost for a company
may not be the least cost to society, or vice versa.
Thus, the development of an energy plan with basis
in sustainable development, especially for developing
countries, may, accordingly contribute powerfully to
the rational use of energy resources, the increase of
reliability of electricity systems, and to the renewal and
expansion of the generating and mode of consumption.
In addition, these conditions contribute to the identification of sectorial public policies, environmental protection, and a greater awareness on the part of those who
are involved and interested in the process. All of these
are essential for an ongoing planning assessment.
On a global scale, there is a great effort in techno-economic and environmental developments with respect to
electricity systems, with only some matters pertaining to
social and political matters. With the emergence of environmental factors in integrated energy planning, the traditional planning model is now outdated. Still, energy plans
intensely reflect the economic and social situation of any
given country. Generally, countries regarded as developed
tend to emphasize environmental and techno-economic
aspects in their plans. Developing countries tend to prioritize the environmental, techno-economic, and also
social aspects. Thus, in comparing Germany and Ecuador,
for Germany the social aspect is almost entirely forgotten and the environmental aspect is treated in general
(not neglected). On the other hand, in Ecuador the social
aspect is given the highest importance, demonstrating an
active state concerned with the welfare of society, which is
commonly in South American countries. Nevertheless, it
is interesting to note that a developed country has social
content already embedded in everyday life, whereas a

developing country needs to actually engage in this regard
by definition of the development of a modern state.

Author Information
The authors are with the GEPEA/EPUSP Energy Group
of the Electric Energy and Automation Department at
the Polytechnic School at University of São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: udaeta@pea.usp.br.

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