IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2017 - 36
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Is the patient aware of the harm, risk, benefits, and
alternatives involved in the procedure?
Is respecting the autonomy of the patient balanced
with the ethical consideration of the doctor conducting
the procedure and their role in society as a doctor?
Are there robust conscience protections for medical
practitioners who conscientiously object to participating in augmentation requests?
The DIY Community
Should DIY users have access to customization
options that, if incorrectly used, could hurt them?
Should DIY users be able to give or sell their innovations directly to other users?
How should the interests of DIY users be balanced
against the rightful interests of the wider community?
Corporate Interests
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What are a device provider's obligations to patients
who wish to interact with their augmentations without using the provider as a gatekeeper?
Should they accommodate the requests of individuals even if it is not in their financial interests (e.g.,
only a small percentage of users will take advantage
of the customized features)?
Should customizability be increased if it can have
significant impact on development costs, risks to
users, and the complexity of regulatory approval?
Does a patient's right to self-determination and
bodily autonomy outweigh the cost to the provider?
How should the financial interests of companies and
corporations be balanced against the interests of
the community?
Should market forces be the chief regulator shaping
the future of the field of augmentation?
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36
Can the military ask - or order - soldiers to augment their bodies in ways that are irreversible?
■ Can the military ask, or order, soldiers to augment
themselves in ways that make them more likely to
act in certain ways?
■ Is it immoral to augment the capacities of soldiers to
make them more effective or efficient during times
of war?
■ How can the military accommodate or facilitate the
reintegration of an augmented soldier into civilian
population if they have been augmented with conspicuously different capacities?
■
Discourse Must Happen Now
It is implausible to think that any small group of individuals could arrive at a code of ethics that is both broad
enough and specific enough to practically assist in navigating such a complicated, diverse, and organic community
of human endeavor that spans fields like synthetic biology,
genetic engineering, medical device manufacturing, artificial intelligence, reproductive science, and robotics.
In order to foster a sense of private agency and bolster public responsibility, discourse around human
augmentation has to happen, now. We hope this framework provides some tailored ways of deliberating the
ethical questions that will shape our future.
Acknowledgment
All contributors to and writers of this document were
given an honorarium by Courageous Studio (CNN/
Turner), on behalf of Square Enix.
This article was presented at the Human by Design
conference in New York, NY, on August 3, 2016.
Author Information
Public Policy Community
■
Military
How should public policy be used to protect the
interests of developers and users of augmentation
technology?
How should it be used to defend fair distribution of augmentation technology, especially among the indigent?
How should policy be used to protect against deliberate abuses of augmentation technology?
To what extent should national legislators consider,
or be obligated to consider, the global implications
of decisions that impact their national citizenry?
If we allow for providers to conscientiously object
on religious or moral grounds how should we
define how much autonomy individuals/providers
have within a regulatory framework that restricts it?
Nadja Oertelt is Editorial Science Director and Co-Founder at Massive.
Adam Arabian is Associate Professor of Engineering at
Seattle Pacific University.
Samantha Payne is Co-Founder of Open Bionics.
Will Rosellini is CEO of Nexeon MedSystems, Inc.
Nita A. Farahany is Director of Science & Society at
the Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Director of
the M.A. in Bioethics & Science Policy, and Professor of
Law and Philosophy at Duke University.
E. Christian Brugger is Dean, School of Philosophy and
Theology, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney Campus.
Michael Chorost is a Writer and Author.
IEEE TEchnology and SocIETy MagazInE
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