IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - Summer 2013 - 41

transformation with regard to diplomatic policy outcomes in terms
both nation-state behaviors and
U.S. diplomatic doctrines.2, 3
First - this view of international relations in the Skolnikoff
tradition - applied more narrowly
to the scope of national and homeland security is the direct legacy of
the product of formula for national
power that was the product in the
end of war dialogue between President Franklin Roosevelt and M.I.T.
engineer Dr. Vannevar Bush. The
latter's famous letter written to
the president in response to Roosevelt's 1945 inquiry about the
role of science and engineering in
the future of the American State
after the war, Science: The Endless Frontier informs what we now
refer to as the model of American
science and engineering - "Mission Science" with the Manhattan
Project conspicuously ever-present
as the iconic event and example
of the process and outcome of our
science and technology enterprise.
This model has generally followed
a pattern of producing excellence
in science and engineering at the
largest collection of universities in
the world, combined with a market
economy, supporting private sector, and fueled by the largest GDP
in the world. It is not beyond the
pale - to even critique some modern day political scientists who
continue to describe the world of
political and economic power in
almost purely normative philosophical terms without making
nary a reference to the fundamental
physical forces (as explained by the
disciplines of physics - chemistrybiology) and corresponding technologies (applied knowledge as
in computer science - the various
3

The best research record that we have found to
date for the technical foundations of our conceptual investigation here lie in the schematics
for the Geospatial Information Infrastructure
(GII) - a Defense Science Board recommendation and chartered by the Secretary of Defense
for Command, Control, Communications and
Intelligence.

engineering disciplines - etc.).
Invoking the dialogue between
President Roosevelt and Dr. Bush
one more time - it should be
remembered that the president did
not write to Dr. Bush asking him
for an investigation into how wartime discoveries from researchers
into the rhetoric and philosophy of
Plato and Aristotle helped America defeat fascism or how it would
help it to develop American power
toward successfully competing
vis-à-vis the Soviet Union. Not
that these ideas are not important - we argue that their worth
is self-evident. However we posit,
as in the Skolnikoff tradition, that
American power arising from the
Roosevelt-Bush dialogue was fundamentally a science, technology,
engineering, and math (STEM)
activity and remains so today.
Operationally, this system has
produced tremendous political and
economic power for the United
States that directly correlates to
the very real physical and kinetic
power that the scientists and engineers have successfully derived
(science/knowledge) and produced
(engineering) as tasked by their
political leaders and benefactors.
Interestingly and conversely, this
system has not always produced the
most comprehensively knowledgeable nor capable leaders or thinkers with regard to individuals who
are typically trained at the most
advanced levels of knowledge and
practice in matters of, for example, physics and engineering, and
simultaneously political/economic
science and law.
This has and does indeed occur
over time in smaller numbers and
we cite Libicki's work as an example of such innovative thinking
and we go further to argue that to
begin this process at the undergraduate level by integrating science and engineering students with
social science students in common
courses in both science and politics
may allow us to innovate yet again
in a more competitive world and

IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE

|

SUMMER 2013

with regard to more complex problems as we are about to investigate
in this article. Consider, for example, a future where the foreignservice officer is as well trained
in the use of information technology tools - in the field - as is the
typical combat soldier deployed
in Afghanistan today. Beyond the
obligatory smartphone - the army
is rapidly developing complete
systems of dedicated applications
(apps) connected to networks of
machines, weapons, humans, and
data that are solutions to a variety of dynamic environmental
problems. Juxtaposed against the
operational methods of the State
Department, the technological gap
between the American soldier and
the American foreign-service officer appears to remain rather stark
(and this is something more than a
cultural artifact).
Next we seek to focus on one
specific activity that is common
to national security: homeland security and diplomacy -
intelligence - for the purpose
of investigating a future scenario where an advanced form
of human-machine symbiosis
provides extraordinary capability and yet extraordinary risk.
The thought experiment helps
us to understand the evolution of
this kind of critical infrastructure (intelligence-based information networks). Our purpose here
is to think about how to integrate
these components as important
to the creation of a more resilient
and robust system and outcomes
in national security information
products. By definition - we are
seeking to provide a better understanding of future states of technology and human interface for
the purpose of attenuating risk.
Our goal is to better understand
how to assure resilience in a system where what is human and
what is machine is more complicated. Such a future technological
reality faces disruption from interdiction threats to those complex IT
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