IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - June 2017 - 8

followers were fake, unmanned Twit-
ter accounts [29]. The social media
monitoring companies noted that the
numbers of fake followers were like-
ly even higher. It is well known that
most of the Coalition's supporters do
not use social media [30]. Another
example of the suspected use of bots
during the 2013 election campaign
can be seen in Figure 2.

Fake Trends and RoboJournalists in the U.K.
As the U.K.'s June 2016 referendum on
European Union membership drew
near, researchers discovered auto-
mated social media accounts were
swaying votes for and against Brit-
ain's exit from the EU. A recent study
found 54% of accounts were pro-
Leave, while 20% were pro-Remain
[32]. And of the 1.5 million tweets
with hashtags related to the referen-
dum between June 5 and June 12,
about half a million were generated
by 1% of the accounts sampled.
As more and more citizenr y
head to social media for their pri-
mary information source, bots can
sway decisions this way or that.
After the results for Brexit were
disclosed, many pro-Remain sup-
porters claimed that social media
had had an undue influence by dis-
couraging "Remain" voters from
actually going to the polls [33], refer
to Figure  3. While there are only
15  million Twitter users in the U.K.,
it is possible that robo-journalists
(content gathering bots) and human
journalists who relied on social
media content that was fake, further
propelled the "fake news," affecting
more than just the TwitterSphere.

FIguRE 2. Twitter image taken from [31].

Fake News and Echo
Chambers in Germany

FIguRE 3. Twitter image taken from [34].

noted that about 95% of Mr. Abbot's
203 000 followers were fake, with
4% "active" and only 1% genuine
[15]. The audit was verified by social

8

German Chancellor Angela Merkel has
expressed concern over the potential
for social bots to influence this year's
German national election [35]. She
brought to the fore the ways in which

media monitoring tools, StatusPeople
and SocialBakers that determined in
a report that around 41 per cent of
Abbott's most recent 50 000 Twitter
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

∕

june 2017



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