BMP - Tree Risk Assessment - 72

Appendix 4
Response (Adaptive) Growth
Response growth is new wood produced in response to damage or loads, which
compensates for higher strain (deformation) in marginal fibers; it includes
reaction wood (compression and tension), flexure wood, and woundwood.
The amount of new wood that a tree produces depends upon species, health,
energy reserves, and available resources (such as water, light, and nutrients).
Distribution of new wood is determined in large part by mechanical stress,
but it is also governed by physiological and morphological conditions. The
newest layer of wood experiences the greatest torsional, compressive, and
tension stress. As a consequence, new wood cells' compression or extension
under bending loads is greater than the deformation experienced by other
cells. The repeated deformation of cambium cells influences the number and
orientation of new wood cells and their material properties.
Reaction wood is wood produced in response to gravity in leaning trunks
and branches. Compression and tension wood are the two types of reaction
wood that are anatomically unique and act mechanically to compensate for
stem lean or subsidence
of branches. Compression
wood, which is common in
conifers, exerts compressive forces on the lower
side of a stem or branch.
Tension wood, which is
common in hardwoods,
exerts tension forces on
the upper side of a stem
or branch; however, some
hardwoods also may produce compression wood.
Some response growth
occurs in areas of the tree
that are affected by movement caused by changing
loads. Sometimes termed
Figure A4-1. One type of reaction wood that forms
" flexure wood, " it is formed
in response to a crack or mechanical stress can
in stems and branches in
be seen as a rib; in this case the rib is formed in
response to a crack.

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