BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment - 63

Appendix 3

Structural Defects and Conditions That
Affect the Likelihood of Failure
Tree failure is the structural failure of the root system, stem (trunk), or
branches. Structural failures may occur when the forces acting on a tree
exceed the strength of the tree structure or the soil supporting the tree.
Even a structurally strong tree may fail when a load or force is applied that
exceeds the strength of one or more of its parts.
Many of the defects and conditions described in this appendix may not be
apparent during a Limited Visual assessment, and in some cases difficult to
assess during a Basic assessment.
Certain structural defects or conditions are more likely to lead to failure than
others. Individual defects or conditions may or may not, in and of themselves,
indicate a serious structural problem; however, in combination, and under
additional loads, they may contribute to failure. On the other hand, through
response growth (see Appendix 4), trees can strengthen weak areas and support loads, thereby reducing the likelihood of failure. A visual assessment
includes looking for and determining the significance of each of the structural
conditions, individually and in combination, that increase and decrease the
likelihood of failure.
Some guidelines for classifying the likelihood of failure based on certain defects
and conditions are presented in this appendix. For the sake of comparison,
the risk assessment time frame has been standardized at three years. The
assessor should be mindful that these are general guidelines and are highly
dependent on tree species, loads, response growth, the risk assessment time
frame being considered, and other factors.

Dead or Dying Parts

When a target is present, dead trees are an obvious concern, as are dead or
dying branches and roots. However, some species hold dead branches for
many years, so familiarity with tree species and local climate is important.
Signs and symptoms of dead trunks or branches are a lack of leaf growth;
dead, loose, or missing bark; missing buds; and broken or blunt branch tips.
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BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment

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