BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment - 64

The larger the size of the dead part and the higher it is above the target, the
greater the concern. Dead or loose bark often can be detected by sounding
the trunk in the area of concern. Dead branches vary in their likelihood of
failure from possible to imminent, depending upon the species, branch weight,
the type and extent of decay, infestation by wood-consuming insects, and the
length of time the branch has been dead.
During a Limited Visual assessment, dead roots are generally diagnosed by
observations of dieback in the crown. Dead roots can be much more difficult to identify, but they can cause significant loss of stability. The decay rate
of dead roots is dependent upon tree and fungal species, climate, soil type,
and tree health. Some species' roots deteriorate very quickly (within one
year), while in other species, dead roots may provide structural support for
a decade. If the root decay profile of a species is known, it should be considered when retaining trees for wildlife habitat.

Broken or Hanging Branches

Broken branches are branches that have experienced a structural failure. They
may remain partially attached at the point of breakage, or they may have
completely detached and be retained in the tree crown by lower branches
rather than falling clear. Branches that are broken and lodged in the crown
of the tree are called " hangers " or " lodged branches. " The likelihood that the
branch will continue its fall depends upon how it is being held and if the branch
is decaying. The failure likelihood of most hangers is considered probable or
imminent, but sometimes can be securely entangled with little chance of falling.

Cracks

Cracks are separations in the wood in either a longitudinal (radial, in the plane
of ray cells, in-line with the trunk or branch, along the grain) or transverse
(across the stem) direction. Longitudinal branch cracks (also called shear-plane
cracks or neutral-plane failures) most commonly occur when branches are
overloaded by freezing rain or snow. Cracks also occur when stems are torsionally stressed at or below codominant junctions that are splitting apart.
Because internal decay may weaken a stem, longitudinal cracks may be associated with the presence of decay. Trunks or branches with new cracks that
extend completely through the stem or branch have partially failed and are
at risk of complete failure. Transverse cracks usually indicate that the fibers
in the wood have pulled apart or buckled and may have broken or are decayed.
They occur when wood is under excessive tension or compressive forces and
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BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment

Table of Contents
BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment - Cover1
BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment - Cover2
BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment - i
BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment - ii
BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment - Table of Contents
BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment - iv
BMP - Utility Tree Risk Assessment - v
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