Missing or Decayed Wood .......................................................................................68 Sapwood Decay or Damage ....................................................................................69 Tree Architecture ..........................................................................................................70 Root Problems ...............................................................................................................73 Appendix 4: Response (Adaptive) Growth ...............................................................77 Appendix 5: Effect of Wind in Utility Forests .........................................................81 Exposure ...........................................................................................................................81 Wind Loading on Trees ..............................................................................................81 Adaptation of Beaufort Wind Force Scale ........................................................83 Impact of Wind on Trees and Utility Systems .................................................83 Glossary.....................................................................................................................................87 Other Sources of Information ........................................................................................93 About the Author ................................................................................................................95 v