Modern Age - Fall 2015 - 50

MODERN AGE

FALL 2015

Another factor was the fear that breaking the rule of proportionality would lead to continuing efforts to shift all tax burdens
to the small minority of the very rich (Adams, chapter 31). It is
interesting that the economists, in general, were more caught up
in the utilitarian notion that the happiness of society would be
enhanced by reducing the burdens on the poor, while the lawyers retained the tradition from history and political philosophy
that, in the absence of firm rules (such as proportional taxation),
the problems of "faction" as discussed by Madison in Federalist
No. 10 would tear the republic apart or turn it into a tyranny.
But John Stuart Mill, who had grown up with utilitarianism,
added this caution: "For what reason ought equality to be the
rule in matters of taxation? For the reason that it ought to be so
in all affairs of government. A government ought to make no distinction of persons or classes in the strength of their claims on
it. If any one bears less than his fair share of the burden, some
other person must suffer more than his share. Equality of taxation, therefore, as a maxim of politics, means equality of sacrifice."
Despite the emphasis on sacrifice, "To tax the larger incomes at
a higher percentage than the smaller is to lay a tax on industry
and economy; to impose a penalty on people for having worked
harder and saved more than their neighbors. It is not the fortunes
which are earned, but those which are unearned, that it is for the
public good to place under limitation." Moreover, the income
tax relies on self-reporting of income and thus "is, in practice,
unequal in one of the worst ways, falling heaviest on the most
conscientious." Mill's comments provide a hint of the way out of
the morass, but before we follow that trail, let us dig ourselves in
deeper.11

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Modern Age - Fall 2015

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