Modern Age - Fall 2016 - 140

MODERN AGE

FALL 2016

tion, writes Hamilton, and in correspondence with others, the
outdoorsman expresses an appreciation for McKinley. Hamilton
later maintains that Carnegie was politically aware and offered
presidents his advice and opinion. Even if Carnegie had the ear of
Harrison and McKinley, his views do not support the expansionist narrative, for Carnegie questioned annexation efforts after the
Spanish American War and rarely mentioned China-to name
two examples. In the end, McKinley is presented as motivated by
something other than an expansionist impulse.
Indeed, many texts describe late-1800s America as a budding
empire that used the dollar to establish hegemony. Hamilton,
once again in chapter 5, contends that the expansionist impulse
has been exaggerated. In particular, a false yet enduring and influential progressive narrative of American interest in China, with
the Philippines serving as a stepping-stone, he argues, began in
Charles Beard's influential The Rise of American Civilization. During
this time, the United States had minimal trade with China, and
Hamilton argues that the lucrative markets were in Canada, England, France, and Germany.
In a somewhat disconnected chapter, Hamilton bemoans the
lack of military history course offerings and descriptions of war in
textbooks. There is a vast empty space regarding military knowledge, and the intellectual class, he contends, "persons purporting
to operate in the liberal or enlightenment tradition," have created
this ignorance. To Hamilton, that is "shameful." However, he seemingly discounts certain programs at universities that emphasize
the study of war and peace and the war front and the home front.
Social history distracted historians from military history, but the
situation is not as dire as Hamilton suggests.
Although I agree with Hamilton that scholars should be exem140

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Modern Age - Fall 2016

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