Modern Age - Fall 2016 - 48

MODERN AGE

FALL 2016

various Chinese, Spanish and other relief campaigns: charity as a
vehicle for political action."3
With the onset of civil war in Spain in August 1936, Münzenberg's next great cause was born. He was at the center of an
international campaign for a nonintervention pact to be signed
by all the major players in international politics. Of course this
campaign was very much in keeping with Münzenberg's previous
enterprises. As Koestler's biographer Michael Scammell points
out, "[Münzenberg's] Moscow patrons had done a masterly job
of concealing their real intentions until now and were poised to
intervene behind the smokescreen of the pact."4 What the defenders of socialism needed at that moment was information about
the nature and extent of German and Italian support of Franco.
Koestler offered his services. He had a Hungarian passport and a
press card from a German-language Hungarian newspaper called
Pester Lloyd.
Though an excellent cover (Pester Lloyd was a "conservative
paper in a semi-fascist country friendly to Franco"), the paper
was also unlikely to have the resources to send its own correspondent.5 So Münzenberg's deputy Otto Katz contacted a
foreign editor (and Party member) of the London-based News
Chronicle to see if he would be interested in publishing Koestler's
reportage from Spain. Koestler spent a little more than a month
in Spain in the fall of 1936 and posted a number of stories for
the News Chronicle. Katz then started a Spanish Republican press
agency in Paris and asked Koestler to return to report from the
southern front of the war in Málaga. Arriving there at the end of
January 1937, Koestler was promptly arrested on February 9. He
would spend the next three months in Franco's prisons, much of
them in solitary confinement, wondering if and when his execu48

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Modern Age - Fall 2016

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Fall 2016

Contents
Modern Age - Fall 2016 - Cover1
Modern Age - Fall 2016 - Cover2
Modern Age - Fall 2016 - Contents
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