Modern Age - Summer 2016 - 118

MODERN AGE

SUMMER 2016

and technology development meant that the Soviets would fall
behind in the arms race.
As for leadership, Edwards and Spalding give special praise to
Harry Truman and Ronald Reagan. For them, Truman was "the
First Cold Warrior." Taking over the presidency from Franklin D.
Roosevelt after the latter's sudden death in April 1945, he was
quick to perceive that Stalin was violating all the pledges he had
made at Yalta to allow democratic elections in Eastern Europe.
There were also warnings in early 1946 from George Kennan, the
deputy chief of mission in Moscow, and from Winston Churchill
in his "Iron Curtain" speech about Stalin's plans to expand Soviet
power. Truman's response was "containment," a term coined later
by Kennan. When the Soviets tried in 1947 to destabilize Greece
and Turkey, Truman pushed back with military and economic
aid; when they blocked American land access to West Berlin, he
responded by airlifting goods to the West Berliners. Next came
the Marshall Plan to stabilize Western European economies
through large-scale economic aid; and after that the military alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Containment was less successful in Asia. After a long civil war
in China, the communists, led by Mao Zedong, finally triumphed
over the pro-American Chiang Kai-shek. Edwards and Spalding (21, 55) credit Mao's victory to sympathetic elements in the
U.S. State Department who convinced Truman that Chiang was
hopelessly corrupt and succeeded in getting an arms embargo
imposed on him. However, readers should consult also Forrest C.
Pogue's George C. Marshall: Statesman 1945-1959 (258-76) and
David McCullough's Truman (742-44), both of which assert that
Chiang had received-and squandered-huge amounts of U.S.
military equipment and economic aid since the defeat of Japan.
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Modern Age - Summer 2016

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