Modern Age - Summer 2016 - 121

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Johnson's successor in the White House, Richard Nixon, sought to
extricate the U.S. by encouraging the South Vietnamese army to
take more initiative, but he was overwhelmed by the Watergate
scandal and forced to resign. South Vietnam fell in May 1975.
The agony of Vietnam revealed the limits of American power
and dealt a blow to the nation's confidence. Even before Nixon
departed from office, his secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, was
setting a new strategic course, one he called "détente." In Kissinger's view, "containment" worked in the Soviets' favor because
all they had to do was encourage a revolt in some Third World
country and the Americans would commit great sums of money
and lots of American lives to counter it. It cost the Soviets little,
but it drained America's strength. Détente, he argued, was more
realistic. It accepted the existence of communist regimes as an
inescapable evil but sought to transform them from being agents
of revolution to upholders of a stable international order. Rather
than a bipolar world, Kissinger foresaw the emergence of a multipolar system as the European Union took over some responsibility for leadership in the West and as China and the USSR turned
into rivals for leadership in the communist bloc. As secretary of
state he convinced Nixon to go to China to meet Mao and assure
him that America would support him in defying the Russians.
In brief, détente accepted a brokered international status
quo and sought to dampen down the Cold War by substituting
diplomacy for combat. There was a superficial logic to the strategy because after Stalin's death, in 1953, the USSR's new leaders
seemed less aggressive and more willing to negotiate arms limitation agreements. But behind the façade of "peaceful coexistence," they were training and arming revolutions throughout the
Third World. As America reduced defense spending in the 1970s,
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Modern Age - Summer 2016

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Summer 2016

Contents
Modern Age - Summer 2016 - Cover1
Modern Age - Summer 2016 - Cover2
Modern Age - Summer 2016 - Contents
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