Modern Age - Summer 2016 - 21

WE'VE BEEN HERE BEFORE

his native New York City, pressed hard for "Americanization"
and denounced hyphenated Americans. The public schools of
New York and the settlement movement pioneered in Chicago
devised programs for acculturating immigrants into their new
homes. Henry Ford set up English language and Americanization
classes for the thousands of workers in his giant auto factories.
Fears that immigrants could not be assimilated led to attempts
to limit immigration, but Presidents William Howard Taft and
Woodrow Wilson vetoed restrictive immigration laws. The outbreak of World War I in August 1914, however, stopped the flow of
immigration almost entirely. America's entry into that war, in April
1917, led to a far more active and intrusive federal government,
one that seized railroads and shipyards, imposed wage and price
controls, jailed war opponents and critics, and enforced other
restrictive measures. Once the war ended, restricting immigration seemed within the government's competence.
Restrictive immigration laws passed by Congress were signed
by President Warren Harding in 1921 and President Calvin
Coolidge in 1924. The targets of this legislation were quite different from the ones most commonly discussed today. Notably, the
acts did not set any restrictions on immigration from Latin America (or anywhere else in the Western Hemisphere). Instead, the
legislation completely banned immigration from Asia, expanding on the aptly named Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. It also
imposed quotas on immigrants from other Eastern Hemisphere
countries. The quotas were determined by the percentage of
Americans from those countries in the census of 1890; the aim
was to halt immigration from southern and eastern Europe. The
main exception was a provision allowing for family unification,
entry of relatives of current citizens-an obvious sop to those
moder nagejour nal .com

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Modern Age - Summer 2016

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Contents
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