Modern Age - Summer 2016 - 31

THE IDEOLOGY OF UNRESTRICTED IMMIGRATION

government, but rather how much immigration, what kind
of immigrants, and from where. Yet only after that existential
question had been framed and carefully considered should the
immigration issue have been passed on to the stage of detailed
policymaking. The American Founders believed immigration to
have been quite as unnecessary, and indeed undesirable, as the
American majority does today.
From the founding of the republic in 1789 to the middle of the
nineteenth century, immigration was chiefly a matter for municipal and state governments to decide, which they did on an ad
hoc basis, and from 1865 to the fourth quarter of the nineteenth
century mass immigration seemed more a natural force than a
considered national policy, though in fact it was demanded by
the new postwar industrialists lobbying Washington for unlimited
cheap labor from Europe. Nevertheless, the vast demographic
and social transformation of America between the Civil War and
World War I elicited responses that remain the basis for thinking
about immigration today.
The various elements of the Progressive movement divided on
the question of immigration, some of them advocating restriction, others emphasizing Americanization and assimilation.
Meanwhile, mass immigration to America continued down to
1914, and resumed again after the war. In Immigration Restriction (1927), Roy  L. Garis, a well-known historian of immigration
active in the restrictionist cause in the early twentieth century,
noted that, when the national quota system was being installed
and refined by a series of congressional acts, "The amazing thing
about the immigration problem is the likeness of the arguments
of one generation to the contentions of another. The point of
view and prejudices of many sons are like unto their fathers."
moder nagejour nal .com

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Modern Age - Summer 2016

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