Modern Age - Winter 2016 - 70

MODERN AGE

WINTER 2016

and vulgar view of the end of politics, since man has a nobler end
than the mere preservation of his life and personal property. Concerning the political community, its "object is not military alliance
for defense against injury by anybody, and it does not exist for the
sake of trade and business relations" (Politics 1280a),12 for these
are not concerned with moral character and virtue in general but
only with protection from mutual injury. But as Aristotle argues:
All those on the other hand who are concerned about good government do take civic virtue and vice into their purview. Thus it
is also clear that any state that is truly so called and is not a state
merely in name must pay attention to virtue; for otherwise the
community becomes merely an alliance. (Politics 1280b)

For Aristotle the end of politics is therefore conditioned by a teleological conception of the end of man in general-namely the
realization of the good or virtuous life. Man attains this end in the
context of the political community. In the classical view expressed
by Aristotle, it is not the protection of a merely negative freedom
of each individual to live as he wishes that constitutes the end
and justification of politics but freedom in the sense of rational
and virtuous self-mastery.
Negative freedom also appears as a value within Athenian politics. Each citizen had a measure of "free speech" that was thought
necessary for the proper exercise of his deliberative function
within the life of the polis. A special term, "frank speaking" (parrhesia), was used to distinguish this form of liberty from the more
usual term (eleutheria).13 Testimonies to this idea are found in Greek
drama, rhetoric, and philosophy. In his Hippolytus, Euripides has
his character Phaedra state that she gave birth to her children
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Modern Age - Winter 2016

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Winter 2016

Contents
Modern Age - Winter 2016 - Cover1
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