Modern Age - Winter 2016 - 85

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN THE DOCK

Although this affirmation "did not have any immediate impact
on the governance of the Roman Empire" and "could be pushed in
an authoritarian direction" (22), it laid the groundwork for an insistence that respect for the principle of the freedom of the church-
the church's right to be independent of "secular control"-was a
defining feature of a rightly ordered polity. Over time, this freedom
developed into the "theme of freedom of the 'inner church' of conscience" (7).
Likewise, in equally sharp contrast to paganism, "Christianity
was an internal religion" (26) central to which was the idea that a
proper "relationship with the one true God can be achieved only
by a freely held faith." In the formulation of one early Christian
writer, "no one can be required to worship what he does not will
to worship" (27).
Against this backdrop, Smith concludes, America's commitment to the separation of church and state and religious freedom
must be understood not as a wholesale rejection of the Christian
heritage but as "a recovery, adaptation, and consolidation, under
the fresh circumstances of the new world" of ancient Christian
ideas. This is not to suggest Smith denies that the Enlightenment influenced early America's thinking on religious freedom.
He readily acknowledges this influence but insists both that "the
Christian element was more essential" and that, to the extent
that the Enlightenment was an influence, the currents within it
that affected the Founding served as "a conduit" by which "distinctively Christian ideas" were "imported into the creation of the
new Republic" (7).

S

mith's revisionist account of the origins of America's commitment to freedom of conscience and the separation of church
85



Modern Age - Winter 2016

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Winter 2016

Contents
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