Modern Age - Fall 2017 - 39

What the Reformers Thought They Were Doing

aiming to extend the work the Protestant Reformers had begun
in the sixteenth. Thus he and his helpers translated the Bible
into the many languages of India and the East. He established
schools (including for girls), taught the doctrine of justification
by faith, and worked to reform the many ills of society. Today, as
Philip Jenkins has pointed out, the theology and mission of the
sixteenth-century Reformers are finding new life in vibrant forms
of spiritual revival in Africa, Latin America, and other places in the
Global South.

Four defining motifs
Since the nineteenth century, Protestant historians have spoken
of the formal principle and the material principle of the Reformation. The formal principle refers to the normative authority of
Holy Scripture as the determinative rule for Christian faith and
life. The material principle defines the central message of grace
and forgiveness as taught in the doctrine of justification by faith
alone. These two principles do indeed encompass much that the
mainstream Protestant Reformers wanted to say against a resurgent Roman Catholicism on the one hand and a proliferating
sectarianism on the other. But these two principles must be set in
the context of other defining motifs.
1. The Reformation as divine initiative. The religious situation in
the early sixteenth century was dynamic and evolving, and one
should not overstate either the unity of the Catholic Church prior
to the Council of Trent or the internal schisms among the magisterial Protestant Reformers in the same period. Luther, Bucer,
Calvin, Cranmer, and even Zwingli (despite his 1529 clash with
Luther over the Eucharist) shared many things in common across
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