Modern Age - Summer 2017 - 42

Modern Age

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Summer 2017

otherwise interfere with another person's rightful actions or comfort." Similarly, the University of Pennsylvania's new code prohibits "any behavior, verbal or physical, that stigmatizes or victimizes
individuals on the basis of race, ethnic or national origin . . . and
that has the purpose or effect of interfering with an individual's
academic or work performance, and/or creates an intimidating
or offensive academic, living or work environment." The University of Iowa's harassment code declares that sexual harassment
"occurs when somebody says or does something sexually related
that you don't want them to say or do." My own school's civility
code declares that "rude, disrespectful behavior is unwelcome
and will not be tolerated."
Though nominally grounded in employment and education
law, civility and harassment codes enacted by public universities
have not fared well in the courts when schools have attempted
to apply them in disciplinary settings rather than merely trumpet
them as aspirations. In the educational context, true harassment
was defined by the Supreme Court in the case of Davis v. Monroe
County Board of Education as conduct "so severe, pervasive, and
objectively offensive that it effectively bars the victim's access to
an educational opportunity or benefit." The expression of words,
symbols, or views that someone finds offensive is not harassment.
Rather, it is constitutionally protected speech. Accordingly, judges
have tended to see civility and harassment codes as efforts to circumvent the First Amendment and have found them to be unconstitutional when their application has been challenged. A federal
judge in Pennsylvania, for example, recently ordered Shippensburg
University to stop enforcing a provision of its code that declared
"the expression of one's beliefs should be communicated in a manner that does not provoke, harass, intimidate or harm another."
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Modern Age - Summer 2017

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Summer 2017

Contents
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