Modern Age - Winter 2017 - 15

THE MARSHALL PLAN

paradise on earth. For him the opposite of ideology was political
prudence. To be "prudent," he declared, "means to be judicious,
cautious, sagacious."
Kirk trumpeted prudence as "the first of the virtues." A "prudent
statesman" is the ideal: he "takes long views" and "looks before
he leaps." Logically, therefore, the prudent leader "is well aware
that the primary purpose of the state is to keep the peace. This
can be achieved by maintaining a tolerable balance among great
interests."8 If such a policy required reform of existing institutions,
then Kirk would not have been programmatically opposed; in a
sound republic, a prudent statesman preserves what is valuable
in tradition and mends-reforms-what is bent or broken.
Naturally, too, the conservative statesman champions local
and regional solutions, not worldwide nostrums. The Truman
containment strategy incorporated a deliberate rejection of
Wilsonian universalism in favor of-in the words of diplomatic
historian John Lewis Gaddis-"independent centers of power,
in which nations subject to Soviet pressure would have both the
means and the will to resist it themselves." Gaddis notes that for
George F. Kennan, director of the State Department's policy planning staff, "what was required was not to remake the world in
the image of the United States, but rather to preserve its diversity
against attempts to remake it in the image of others."9
For Kennan, containment meant cutting back, not expanding,
America's ambitions in the world and increasing allies' strength,
as well as balancing power within the existing international system. The ERP fit into this security plan. Its purpose, Gaddis notes,
"was not to create American satellites" but "to encourage the
Europeans to make maximum use of their resources, before drawing upon those of the United States." The Marshall Plan would
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Modern Age - Winter 2017

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Winter 2017

Contents
Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Cover1
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Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Contents
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