Modern Age - Winter 2017 - 20

MODERN AGE

WINTER 2017

Principles were also at the heart of the matter. The United States
noted that the Allied Control Authority had been directed to prepare for the eventual reconstruction of German political life on a
democratic basis.
But what was democracy? The secretary of state made clear
to his fellow conferees that democracy means not just a way of
voting and governing but also, more fundamentally, "inalienable rights, which may not be given or taken away." These rights
include "the right of every individual to develop his mind and his
soul in ways of his own choice, free of fear or coercion-provided
only he does not interfere with the like right of others." And Marshall affirmed that "to us a society is not democratic if men . . . are
not free to express their own beliefs and convictions without fear
that they may be snatched away from their home and family."20
The fact that ideals, not just material products, count for something becomes important in the historical analysis of the Marshall
Plan's impact on the strength of Communist parties in Western
Europe in the late 1940s. Barry Machado has found that "belly
Communism"-poverty, unemployment, and misery as incubators of Communism-was overstated and that Communism
retained much of its appeal in France and Italy. The ERP curbed
the growth of Communism, but defections by the hard core were
minimal. The reason is that party members were lured at least as
much by Communist idealism, utopian visions of the future, and
various cultural factors and historical experiences as they were by
promises of food and jobs.
Machado points out that not a few French citizens patriotically
admired Communists in World War II, for many party members
made courageous Resistance fighters. Some citizens also felt
a sense of social injustice and harbored a lingering disdain for
20 				moder nagejour nal .com



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Modern Age - Winter 2017

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Winter 2017

Contents
Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Cover1
Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Cover2
Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Contents
Modern Age - Winter 2017 - 2
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