Modern Age - Winter 2017 - 26

MODERN AGE

WINTER 2017

sense of security that was evaporating by the moment." By mid1948 it was clear in France and elsewhere that Western Europeans
did not want to be a third force that might have to face Moscow
alone. They sought stronger guarantees of security against threats
here and now-from their own Communists, from a German
resurgence, from the Soviets.40
The Red Army had thirty divisions in Eastern and Central Europe.
The U.S., Britain, and France combined had fewer than ten divisions. Intelligence estimates stated that in the event of armed
conflict, the Soviets could push to the English Channel and the
Pyrenees in a matter of weeks.
Therefore, Western Europeans sought not only economic
revival but also major security commitments. The U.S. explicitly
made Europe's security concerns its own. NATO, which General
Marshall helped to launch, became central to American policy in
Europe. This security alliance built on the transatlantic partnership
begun by the ERP. The Marshall Plan's reformist focus on self-help
and its emphasis on mutual aid within the Atlantic community
provided some of the psychological and structural steps that led
to the North Atlantic Treaty.41
One historian of the Cold War has commented that, after the
Marshall Plan began to have an effect, "Stalin could see that
wherever he looked in Western Europe, his hopes for a Red future
could not stand up to the will of the people, as demonstrated in
fair elections, and [a Communist future in the region] would certainly be doomed if there were economic recovery." By the same
token, "partly because Stalin cut the Soviet Union out of the Marshall Plan, its economy fell behind Western Europe's and never
caught up. Ordinary people in the Soviet Union and its satellites
paid the price."42
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Modern Age - Winter 2017

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Winter 2017

Contents
Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Cover1
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Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Contents
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