Modern Age - Winter 2017 - 35

PASCAL IN THE POST-CHRISTIAN WORLD

of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophers. A postEnlightenment era is a postmodern era because the origins of the
eighteenth-century Enlightenment are to be found in the beginnings of modernity in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Descartes is regarded as the founder of modern philosophy
because he established the independence of human reason
from faith and from the criterion of truth that had grounded
philosophy from the time of Plato through the Middle Ages.
Modern philosophy turned from the contemplation of reality to
the Cartesian "subject," the "I think," and freed philosophy from
its status as handmaiden to theology. By this time, the Reformation had destroyed the unity of Christendom, undermining the
public authority of the Catholic Church and making faith a purely
private matter. Descartes's radical break with the philosophical
and theological tradition lead inevitably to the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, which only brought modernity to its logical
conclusion.
The unifying principle and defining trait of the Enlightenment is
the idea of "the emancipation of man through man." The Enlightenment was an "emancipation project" intended to create a "new
civilization" grounded in the autonomy of human reason and the
centrality of man. First and foremost, then, the Enlightenment
means emancipation from tradition, especially religious tradition,
and the elimination of the transcendence of the divine in favor
of an "entirely immanent [human] standpoint."1 But the Enlightenment inevitably gave way to the realization that reason, freed
from its dependence on truth, is only an instrument of domination. Reason is exposed as a mask for gaining power over others.
It was Nietzsche who opened the way to the postmodern and
post-Enlightenment era by unmasking the true face of human
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Modern Age - Winter 2017

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Winter 2017

Contents
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