Modern Age - Winter 2017 - 42

MODERN AGE

WINTER 2017

philosophy. In fact, in some respects, he sounds very much like
Machiavelli and Hobbes, the founders of modern political philosophy. Aristotle claims that political activity is for the sake of the
"common good." That expression is used very loosely now, but
for Aristotle it has a precise meaning: it is not simply a good that
we as individuals all want, but a good that can be attained only
in common, for which we depend upon each other. The common
good is justice, and the different political regimes can be judged
as just or unjust according to whether rule is exercised for the
common good or the good of the rulers. For Aristotle, human
beings are such that they find their fulfillment and happiness in
political life. Man, then, is by his nature intended to live in a political community.
Pascal, on the contrary, says: "All men naturally hate each other"
(210 [451]). By their nature, men do not find happiness and fulfillment in living together and depending on each other. The political friendship that, for Aristotle, is the underlying bond among
the members of a political community is an illusion. For Pascal,
"each self is the enemy of all the others and would like to tyrannize them" (597 [455]). The common good is nothing more than a
false image of charity (210 [451]).
Pascal's view of politics is indebted to St. Augustine. "St. Augustine had taught that all government on earth, all power of man
over man is a consequence of original sin; without the injustice
of the original sin, which had destroyed the natural peace and
equality among men, there would be no need for . . . the counterinjustice of human power on earth."16 Like Machiavelli and Hobbes,
Pascal recognizes the necessity and legitimacy of the rule of men
over each other, "but he is much more profoundly aware that this
legitimacy is evil."17
42 				moder nagejour nal .com



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Modern Age - Winter 2017

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Contents
Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Cover1
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Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Contents
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