Modern Age - Winter 2017 - 95

A EUROPE LOST

state that is the empire's principal successor, have never stopped
shifting, and human capital is again at least as important to economic success as territory.
Faith was central. "Medieval monarchs were expected to build
churches and cathedrals," Wilson says. Charlemagne founded 27
cathedrals and 232 monasteries and abbeys. "Otherwise, their
role was primarily to uphold peace, justice, and the honor of the
Empire. Changing circumstances, like violence, rebellions, or invasions were not seen as 'problems' to be 'solved' through new laws,
better institutions, or more coherent frontiers." If human nature
was sinful, human behavior was to be managed. "As with justice,
politics in the Empire was more about managing than resolving
problems and was in many ways more realistic and often more
humane than methods employed in other countries."
The empire "placed a premium on preserving peace through
consensus rather than through any absolute concept of justice,"
Wilson says, perhaps because Christianity defined the absolutes.
This encouraged certain freedoms, yet freedom was never seen
as an individual right but rather "as local and particular, shared
by members of corporate groups and incorporated communities. These were local and particular liberties, not abstract Liberty
shared equally by all inhabitants" (italics in the original). Freedom
for us, in other words, which was granted only to select groups by
the state. Group rights, so relentlessly promoted by the left today,
clearly have a strong European lineage, though the groups that
eventually won complete sovereignty within separate states were
based on ethnicity and language, and some of these promoted
individual rights among their kin.
Yet the empire's decentralization also promoted widespread
cultural activity, patronage, and educational opportunities, and
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Modern Age - Winter 2017

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Winter 2017

Contents
Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Cover1
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Modern Age - Winter 2017 - Contents
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