Modern Age - Winter 2017 - 99

A EUROPE LOST

the Social Democrats "became the largest single party in Parliament," but that election also smashed the German majority in
the Austrian Reichsrat (or parliament), electing 233 Germans to
283 non-Germans to the lower house, including 103 Czechs. Alas,
many Czech socialists were also strong nationalists; they opposed
Habsburg rule.
Judson is correct that many of Vienna's subjects served in a
common military, voted, followed parliamentary debates, read
newspapers, discussed issues in coffee houses, celebrated military victories, and developed attachments to Habsburg rule, yet
these civic roles were both circumscribed and exhibited in other
states. The author offers up individual paintings and specific acts
of military heroism as additional examples of the peoples' love
of their multinational regime. Yes, "the survival of empire would
require some degree of popular legitimation," which Habsburg
rule did, in fact, enjoy, but almost every regime has enjoyed
"some" support. Yes, the Habsburgs undermined the power
of the nobility over time, but Vienna did this in service to state
power and higher taxes.

T

he underside of Habsburg reforms included a greater centralization of power and governance in Vienna, and an insistence
on one-size-fits-all solutions, which were not appropriate in every
corner of their own empire. Centralization required a single language of administration; when German was chosen, it provoked
opposition from other language groups, stoking nationalism. As
Catholic piety and dynastic respect eroded, Vienna came to rely
on the modern, and more secular, instruments of power, a large
bureaucracy and standing army. Police-state tactics were also
employed, prompting one critic to quip that Habsburg rule rested
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Modern Age - Winter 2017

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