Modern Age - Winter 2018 - 29

The Libertarian Constitutional Fantasy

and the Founding Fathers did. The legitimacy of such governments derives from the "consent of the governed." The colonies
declared themselves independent from Great Britain because of
the tyrannical abuses of King George III, not just "taxation without representation" but also denying the colonists the ability to
pass laws they desired. To the colonists, a fundamental aspect
of their grievances lay in the denial of popular sovereignty-
the right of self-rule: what libertarians sometimes disparage as
"majoritarianism."
So, following the Declaration of Independence, the colonies,
now organized as sovereign states, with separate state constitutions, entered into the ineffective Articles of Confederation,
approved by the Continental Congress in 1777 and ratified in 1781.
And when the Articles failed as a national charter, the states went
back to the drawing board and-more than a decade after the
Declaration-adopted the Constitution at the convention held in
Philadelphia in 1787. (It is often overlooked that the Articles of
Confederation lacked a judicial branch altogether.) The Constitution-loaded with compromises-was eventually ratified by the
states in 1788, along with a Bill of Rights in 1791. With subsequent
amendments, the same Constitution governs us today. It begins
with the words "We the people" and contains not a single reference to natural law or to the Declaration of Independence.
In response to arguments that the Constitution must be interpreted in accordance with the terms of the Declaration, Justice
Scalia properly dismissed the lofty sentiments expressed in the
Declaration as mere "aspirations." Scalia also rejected the notion
that the Declaration lurks, invisibly, in the Constitution: "There
is no such philosophizing in our Constitution, which, unlike the
Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights
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Modern Age - Winter 2018

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Modern Age - Winter 2018

Contents
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