Modern Age - Winter 2018 - 96

Modern Age

*

Winter 2018

God-becoming-man is the emblematic instance of unity; "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the
things that are God's," the cornerstone of contrast. From both
flow the distinction between spiritual and temporal authority,
the relative independence of the political and cultural domains
from the religious, and the precious European fruit that is liberty.
Gelasius's "two swords" teaching was particularly important in
this regard. Or rather, its effectual truth was, which was conflict.
The "conflict between popes and emperors" was "perhaps what
allowed Europe to maintain itself in the singularity that made it a
unique historical phenomenon." In addition to the avoidance of
despotism, its cultural fruits are to be highlighted:
It is this conflict that prevented Europe from changing into one
of those empires that admired themselves in an ideology [made]
to their measure and their image. . . . On one hand, it was the
independence of the religious vis-à-vis the political that permitted Europe to open like a ripe fruit and to transmit its religious
content to the other cultural domains. . . . And on the other, the
profane domain and its order received the space within which
they in turn could construct themselves according to their own
laws.

Brague indicates what could structurally give rise to this fruitful
tension between the two authorities, despite official teaching to
the contrary:
Caesar sees himself granted the right to do what he can and
knows how to do [peut et sait faire]. But the spiritual power, without disposing of any [military] divisions, reserves to itself a right
over [sur] temporal power. It belongs to it to recall the absolute
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Modern Age - Winter 2018

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Contents
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