NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 59
underscore the need to provide crowd
managers and other safety officials
with accurate and relevant information
in real time.
History is filled with examples of volatility boiling over into chaos. In 2015,
during the annual Hajj, the Islamic
pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, a
stampede and crowd crush incident in
the nearby city of Mina resulted in the
deaths of at least 2,000 people-some
estimates put the toll at more than
2,400, with at least 900 people injured.
In 1991, nine spectators died and 28
were injured in a crowd crush at a
college gymnasium in New York City.
The event, a charity basketball game
featuring celebrity rap stars, drew thousands and turned deadly when fans
surged toward a single entryway at the
bottom of a stairwell. In 1989, a crowdcrush incident inside Hillsborough
Stadium in Sheffield, England, resulted
in 96 deaths and more than 760 people
injured. Inquests found that negligence
among the police and ambulance
services, as well as design features of
the stadium, were among the factors
responsible for the disaster.
These are the types of painful lessons
that form the backbone of the regulatory requirements for managing large
crowds in NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®.
According to the code, crowd managers are responsible for understanding
crowd dynamics, crowd management
techniques, and the venue's emergency
response plan, among other characteristics. Crowd management is rooted in
the need to safely evacuate occupants
during an unwanted fire emergency,
but today this has evolved into an
all-hazards focus for fire-related emergencies, non-fire emergencies, and
non-emergency situations. To prepare
for large assembly events, crowd managers must evaluate specific actions
necessary for various situations, anticipated occupancy levels, the adequacy of
means of ingress and egress, and anticipated human behavior.
Management challenge
As if this weren't enough, crowd
managers must also be ready for unanticipated events-moments where
circumstances can change rapidly,
influencing real-time crowd dynamics
and requiring immediate action on the
part of crowd managers.
p From top, fans are pulled to safety during a crowd crush incident that killed 96
people during a soccer match in England in 1989; a crush incident killed 21 at the
Love Parade festival in Germany in 2010; and at least 2,000 people died in a stampede and crush incident near Mecca, Saudi Arabia, during the annual Hajj in 2015.
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http://NFPA.ORG/JOURNAL
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of NFPA Journal - July/August 2020
Contents
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - Cover1
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - Cover2
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 1
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 2
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 3
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - Contents
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 5
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 6
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 7
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 8
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 9
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 10
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 11
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 12
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 13
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 14
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 15
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 16
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 17
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 18
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 19
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 20
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 21
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 22
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 23
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 24
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 25
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 26
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 27
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 28
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 29
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 30
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 31
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 32
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 33
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 34
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 35
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 36
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 37
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 38
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 39
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 40
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NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 43
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 44
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 45
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 46
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 47
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NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 49
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NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 58
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 59
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 60
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NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 77
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NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 79
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - 80
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - Cover3
NFPA Journal - July/August 2020 - Cover4
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