NFPA Journal - Spring 2023 - 60
has changed over time is the sophistication of the
fundamentals. " They've become much more quantitative
and provide a lot more detail for the design
of systems than in the past, " says Myers, principal
engineer and office director for Exponent, an engineering
consulting firm. " Unfortunately, a lot of the
causes of catastrophic incidents come back to those
basic requirements like housekeeping. "
Many of the early NFPA dust documents addressed
agricultural or food-related processes, from grain
handling to cocoa processing; those standards were
consolidated into NFPA 61 in 1970. The principles
that anchored the original dust document in 1923
were applied to other industries: NFPA 654, Standard
for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions
from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling
of Combustible Particulate Solids, first published in
1943, originally applied exclusively to plastics. Wood
products received their own dust standards. A suite
of combustible dust standards addressing hazards
related to metals emerged in the 1960s and 1970s,
starting with NFPA 480, Standard for the Storage,
Handling, and Processing of Magnesium Solids and
Powders, and NFPA 651, Standard for the Machining
and Finishing of Aluminum and the Production
and Handling of Aluminum Powders, both in 1967,
followed by documents addressing titanium and zirconium
and, later, lithium. In 2002, the standards
addressing combustible metal dusts were consolidated
into NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible
Metals, Metal Powders, and Metal Dusts.
" What's changed a lot is the growth in the types
of materials that can become hazardous and the
amounts that are used, " says Kreitman. " Fifty years
ago, titanium wouldn't have been the hazard it is
today, because the process was so different and
nature of the dust was different. We're seeing much
more additive manufacturing, so powders have
become a hazard. That goes for a lot of materials:
agricultural, wood, plastics, things you wouldn't
normally think of as being a hazard, but if it's in
a small enough form it becomes an explosion and
fire hazard. "
Of special concern, Myers says, is the emergence
of " nano powders, " super-small dusts typically
associated with metals. These micro particles are
manufactured as raw materials for 3D printing,
powder metallurgy, and other processes used to
60 | NFPA JOURNAL * SPRING 2023
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NFPA Journal - Spring 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of NFPA Journal - Spring 2023
Contents
NFPA Journal - Spring 2023 - Cover1
NFPA Journal - Spring 2023 - Cover2
NFPA Journal - Spring 2023 - 1
NFPA Journal - Spring 2023 - Contents
NFPA Journal - Spring 2023 - 3
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NFPA Journal - Spring 2023 - Cover3
NFPA Journal - Spring 2023 - Cover4
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