NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 60

likely to have problems that cannot be addressed
through repair and maintenance alone.
To determine an estimate of the total cost of new
fire stations, case studies from around the country
were considered. It was found that the cost of a new
fire station ranges from $412 to $1,171 per square
foot, with construction costs being highest in urban
centers, mirroring general trends that material and
labor costs are higher in urban areas compared to
rural areas. We also considered the need for new
stations across nine population categories, ranging
from communities with populations of 500,000 or
more to those with fewer than 2,500. We assumed
that all new replacement fire stations would be
12,000 square feet. We estimate it would cost at least
$143.1 billion to replace the fire stations nationwide
that are at least 40 years old.
FIRE STATIONS WITHOUT
EXHAUST EMISSION
CONTROL SYSTEMS
In 2020, there were an estimated 27,500 fire stations
without exhaust emission control systems, such as
60 | NFPA JOURNAL * WINTER 2024
diesel exhaust extraction. When a diesel-powered
fire apparatus leaves or returns to a fire station,
it generates hazardous emissions that can spread
throughout the apparatus bay and living quarters.
If the exhaust is not properly captured, firefighters
can be exposed to diesel exhaust for an extended
portion of their shifts. NFPA 1550, Standard for
Emergency Responder Health and Safety, requires
that fire departments prevent exposing firefighters
and the living and sleeping areas in fire stations to
exhaust emissions. The percentage of stations with
this problem has fallen since 2001, but it remains
acute in very small departments (those protecting
2,500 people or less), where 82 percent of the stations
do not have exhaust emission control systems.
The cost of an emission control system-typically
vehicle-mounted source capture filters, hose-based
direct source capture, or building space filtration-
depends on the number of fire apparatus that need
to be connected to it. The estimated renovation cost
for fire stations without emission control systems
is between $57,000 and $90,000 per fire station.
Using the same population factors that were used
SCOTT SUTHERLAND

NFPA Journal - Winter 2024

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of NFPA Journal - Winter 2024

Contents
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - Cover1
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - Cover2
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 1
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 2
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 3
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - Contents
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 5
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 6
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 7
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 8
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 9
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 10
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 11
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 12
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 13
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 14
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 15
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 16
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 17
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 18
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 19
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 20
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 21
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 22
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 23
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 24
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 25
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 26
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 27
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 28
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 29
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 30
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 31
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 32
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 33
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 34
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 35
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 36
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 37
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 38
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 39
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 40
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 41
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 42
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 43
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 44
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 45
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 46
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 47
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 48
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 49
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 50
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 51
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 52
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 53
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 54
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 55
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 56
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 57
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 58
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 59
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 60
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 61
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 62
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 63
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 64
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 65
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 66
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 67
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 68
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 69
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 70
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 71
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 72
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 73
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 74
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 75
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 76
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 77
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 78
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 79
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - 80
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - Cover3
NFPA Journal - Winter 2024 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2024winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2024fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2024summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2024spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2023winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2023fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2023summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2023spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2022winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2022fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2022summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2022spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2021winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2021fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2021summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_2021spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20201112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20200910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20200708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20200506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20200304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20200102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20191112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20190910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20190708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20190506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20190304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20190102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20181112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20180910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20180708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20180506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20180304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20180102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20171112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20170910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20170708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20170506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20170304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20170102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20161112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_201610_sprinkler
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20160910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20160708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20160506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20160304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20160102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20151112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20150910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20150708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20150506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20150304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_201501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20141112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20140910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20140708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20140506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20140304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20140102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20131112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20130910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20130708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20130506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20130304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20130102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20121112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20120910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20120708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20120506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nfpa/journal_20120304
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com