IEEE Electrification - December 2021 - 54

significant difference across the saving levels tested. The
results of customer willingness to participate in ESaaS
for both BTM and remote (virtual) options are summarized
in Figure 3.
An examination of the demographic data revealed
large differences in the percentage of customers who " definitely "
or " probably " would participate in a shared energy
storage offering (see Figure 4). Low-income and multifamily
customers (38 and 62%, respectively) expressed the
highest levels of interest; however, the sample size of the
solar-adopting multifamily group was low (n=8) and merits
further research to validate statistically significant differences
from the single-family group. The research
suggests that remote virtual storage, although quite
attractive for single-family customers with high-energy
bills, is probably more attractive for low-income and multifamily
customers; hence, NV Energy expanded their initial
development efforts to include an ISB approach for
multi-family and low-income customers without existing
rooftop solar or storage, which is less technologically complex
and provides a simplified billing based approach for
the ESaaS component in the form of a storage share, similar
to a program developed at Sacramento Municipal Utility
District.
Among storage adopters, 74% of respondents said they
" definitely " or " probably " would participate in a grid service
offering. The respondents expressed that a performance-based
compensation methodology was the top
choice, along with a discounted electricity rate. The performance-based
methodology was explained as a " payment
per unit of energy drawn from the battery. "
Conclusion
The development and deployment of grid- and utilityscale
battery ESSs have been exponentially increasing
over the last decade as a result of several factors, including
advancements in fabrication materials for batteries and
the need to smooth the variability of RESs. Specifically, the
applications of USES systems have been on the rise
because they provide flexibility and controllability for both
grid operators and customers. Power grid operators can
use USES systems in several grid services (e.g., frequency
and voltage regulation, resource adequacy, energy arbitrage,
and the deferral of system upgrades) with less communication
and control requirements than CESs and BTM
storage. Also, customers can lease blocks of USES systems
instead of installing local batteries that can be costly,
inflexible, and introduce hazard concerns. In addition to
these benefits, USES systems provide equity, reliability,
and resiliency to local communities. However, USES systems
still face several challenges, including building business
models that can accurately capture charging/
discharging costs and benefits, designing control systems
capable of optimizing and prioritizing specific grid services
with customer needs, and developing tools to improve
the round-trip efficiency of USES systems and reduce
54
IEEE Electrification Magazine / DECEMBER 2021
losses in the grid due to charging/discharging actions initiated
by customers.
Acknowledgment
Part of the findings presented in this article are based
upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
under the Solar Energy Technologies Office Award Number
DE-EE0009022 and the U.S. National Science Foundation
(NSF) under Grant NSF 1953648. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or
assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product, or process disclosed, or represents that its
use would not infringe privately owned rights. The corresponding
author is Mohammed Ben-Idris.
For Further Reading
" Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA860A/860B), "
The U.S. Energy Information Administration,
Washington, D.C. Accessed: Sept. 15, 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860/
Y. Tian, A. Bera, M. Benidris, and J. Mitra, " Stacked revenue
and technical benefits of a grid-connected energy storage
system, " IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 3034-3043, July/
Aug. 2018. doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2825303.
P. Denholm et al., " The value of energy storage for grid
applications, " National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden,
CO, Tech. Rep. NREL/TP-6A20-58465, May 2013. [Online]. Available:
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58465.pdf
" Community batteries: A cost/benefit analysis, " Australian
National University, Canberra. Accessed: Aug. 15, 2021.
[Online]. Available: https://arena.gov.au/assets/2020/08/
community-batteries-cost-benefit-analysis.pdf
California Public Utilities Commission. https://www.cpuc
.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-orders-clean
-energy-procurement-to-ensure-electric-grid-reliability
(accessed Oct. 10, 2021).
P. Pettingill, " Ensuring RA in future high VG scenarios - A
view from CA, " in Proc. ESIG Spring Workshop, Apr. 10, 2020.
Accessed Oct. 10, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.esig
.energy/event/2020-spring-technical-workshop/
Biographies
Mohammed Ben-Idris (mbenidris@unr.edu) is with the
Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University
of Nevada, Reno, 89557, USA.
Michael Brown (michael.brown@nvenergy.com) is with
NV Energy, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89146, USA.
Matthew Egan (matthewegan@nevada.unr.edu) is with
the Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,
University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, USA.
Zhenyu Huang (zhenyu.huang@pnnl.gov) is with Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington,
99352, USA.
Joydeep Mitra (mitraj@msu.edu) is with the Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.

https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860/ https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58465.pdf https://arena.gov.au/assets/2020/08/community-batteries-cost-benefit-analysis.pdf https://arena.gov.au/assets/2020/08/community-batteries-cost-benefit-analysis.pdf https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-orders-clean-energy-procurement-to-ensure-electric-grid-reliability https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-orders-clean-energy-procurement-to-ensure-electric-grid-reliability https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-orders-clean-energy-procurement-to-ensure-electric-grid-reliability https://www.esig.energy/event/2020-spring-technical-workshop/ https://www.esig.energy/event/2020-spring-technical-workshop/

IEEE Electrification - December 2021

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