IEEE Electrification - December 2022 - 44

PLM With ILC
PLM can be used to reduce the building
peak electricity or when the utility
system peaks, which may not be
coincident with the building peak. To
illustrate how ILC can be used for
PLM, we use a 22,000 ft2, single-story
building (building 8) located in eastern
Washington, which was built in
1980 with office, maintenance shop,
and storage areas. The building has
11 HPs with electric backup heaters
that can be controlled to manage the
peak. To manage the building peak,
the building peak consumption over
the 30-day billing period is first forecasted.
Next, a peak demand target is selected. Using the
established target as the goal, ILC is used to control BTM
DERs. For this use case, the selection of the target is
somewhat arbitrary; however, tests have shown that
reducing the peak between 10% and 20% will not result
in a significant loss of service levels. Deeper reductions
(>20%) are possible, but some compromise in services
will occur.
To forecast the electricity consumption, a whole-buildPLM
can be used to
reduce the building
peak electricity or
when the utility
system peaks, which
may not be
coincident with the
building peak.
signal and the incentive associated
with the signal.
Although only single-day results
from a heating season highlight how
BTM DERs can be used for PLM, it can
be applied during other seasons as
well. To benefit from lower kilowatt
charges over a billing period, ILC must
run each day to manage the peak. Figure
5 shows the 30-min rolling average
power consumption (baseline,
without ILC in green, and the ILCmanaged
peak in blue), the peak
demand target value (red), and the
outdoor temperature (purple without
ILC and black with ILC plotted on the
ing energy load forecast model is used with historical
electricity consumption data and a set of independent
variables (e.g., the forecasted outdoor air temperature,
day of the week, and hour of the day). Using this model,
the expected energy consumption is computed using
future weather forecast data. To manage the building
peak when the utility system peaks, a signal for the utility
will be required. A building target is selected using the
right y-axis). The rolling 30-min average power consumption
value is calculated using measured 1-min power consumption.
The power consumption shown for 14 March
(green), which represents business as usual, or normal
building operation, peaks at 180 kW during the morning
warm-up period between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. The next day,
on 15 March, ILC was deployed to manage the peak in the
building (blue). The peak demand target was set at 145 kW,
which is 20% lower than the peak that was established on
14 March. As the building electricity consumption was
peaking early in the morning, ILC prioritized HP operations,
shutting down some units while allowing others to
run. Overall, the results show that the ILC was able to control
the HPs and keep the actual consumption under the
target demand level of 145 kW.
Using the 30-min moving average to prioritize the loads
100
120
140
160
180
200
60
80
6 a.m.
8 a.m. 10 a.m. 12 p.m. 2 p.m. 4 p.m.
Time
Event Day Outdoor Air Temperature
Baseline Outdoor Air Temperature
30-Min Rolling Demand With ILC
30-Min Rolling Demand Without ILC
ILC Target
Figure 5. The 30-min rolling average electricity demand (green and blue), outdoor temperature
(purple and black on the right y-axis), and peak demand target (red) during the heating season
in building 8.
44
IEEE Electrification Magazine / DECEMBER 2022
for curtailment will result in the peak demand overshooting
the target value. Likewise, the
use of instantaneous power measurement
(1-min frequency) will
result in an excessive curtailment
of loads and a suboptimal result.
Therefore, instead of using the
30-min average or instantaneous
power consumption value to make
curtailment decisions, ILC uses an
exponential moving average (with
a span of 15). The exponential
moving average puts additional
weights to values closer to the latest
time, which gives ILC a good
sense of when the 30-min average
is likely to exceed the target value.
ILC will start managing DERs
whenever the exponential moving
average exceeds the target value.
Between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m., the
exponential moving average ex -
ceeded or was equal to the target
value on three different occasions.
30
40
50
60
10
20
Electricity Demand (kW)
Outdoor Air Temperature (°F)

IEEE Electrification - December 2022

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