IEEE Electrification - December 2022 - 45

While curtailing HPs, ILC also ensures that the service
levels are within the established limits. ILC curtails
HPs by lowering the heating set point between 1 °F and
2 °F. For most HPs, when the zone temperature is
decreased more than 2 °F below the set point, both the
heater and compressor(s) would turn on at the same
time. To prevent this, the set point reduction for any HP
is limited to 2 °F.
RTP With ILC
ILC can also be used to manage the building peak
under dynamic rates, such as RTP. Under dynamic
rates, the objective is to manage the electricity consumption
in a building to minimize the energy cost.
Utilities offer two types of RTP rates: RTP and dayahead
RTP. In the case of day-ahead RTP, as the name
10
20
30
40
50
Time (h)
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
WBE With RTP
WBE Baseline
implies, the price of electricity for the next 24 h (e.g.,
midnight to midnight) is published a day ahead. Under
the day-ahead RTP, there is an opportunity to optimize
consumption over a 24-h period. For the other RTP rate,
the price of electricity is published an hour ahead.
Therefore, the energy cost cannot be easily optimized
beyond the hour.
To illustrate how ILC can be used to manage building
peak, we use a 20,000 ft2, single-story office building
(building 6) built in the 1980s and located in eastern
Washington. The RTP signals for the California Independent
System Operator are replayed. For ILC to manage
the peak in a building, a target must be established. The
target is established using the same concept as the
price-capacity curve described previously. Figure 6
compares the 15-min rolling average whole-building
150
RTP Price
WBE With RTP
WBE Baseline
Target
100
50
Time (h)
(b)
Figure 6. (a) A comparison of the 15-min rolling average electricity demand on baseline day (green: 7 October), RTP control day (blue: 9 October)
and target (red), and RTP (black on the right y-axis) during the cooling season in building 6. (b) A comparison of the electricity cost between
baseline day (green: 7 October) and RTP control day (blue: 9 October). WBE: whole-building electricity.
IEEE Electrification Magazine / DECEMBER 2022
45
Cost (US$)
WBE (kWh/h)
Price (US$/mWh)
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IEEE Electrification - December 2022

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