IEEE Electrification - December 2022 - 47

nearly all of the network's electricity is supplied. In addition
to the two-tiered electricity price, there are also locational
price differences that are small but meaningful and
are intended to represent the impact of electricity losses.
The wholesale electric rate is presumed to exist at a
remote transmission circuit region from which the utility
imports its electricity. Because losses are incurred while
importing this electricity, the effective cost of electricity at
the utility node is somewhat higher than at the remote
transmission point from which the electricity is imported.
Losses are also incurred as the distribution node imports
its electricity from the utility node, so the distribution
node's price is found to be a little higher than that of the
utility node.
The real-building tests were conducted during the winter
period, but the simulation tests did not have any
restrictions. Therefore, we present the simulation results
for a typical summer day and the real-building results for
a typical winter day. Although the simulated building is
identical to the real building, a direct comparison of
results is not possible for many reasons. Figures 7 and 8
show the actual and predicted zone airflow rates for
selected zones in the simulated medium office and real
medium office 2 buildings and the cleared electricity price
(black, right y-axis). The selection of zones to present was
somewhat random; however, results from two interior
(119 and 120) and two exterior zones (142 and 143) are presented
in the figures.
The yellow shaded area in each plot represents the
occupied period. Ideally, if the uncertainty in the airflow
predictions is small, the actual zone airflow will be close
to that predicted. It appears that the airflow rate
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
Time
AHU 1/VAV 119 Airflow Target
AHU 1/VAV 119 Airflow Actual
Price
(a)
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
Time
AHU 1/VAV 142 Airflow Target
AHU 1/VAV 142 Airflow Actual
Price
(c)
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
Time
AHU 1/VAV 143 Airflow Target
AHU 1/VAV 143 Airflow Actual
Price
(d)
Figure 8. The actual (green) and target (red) zone airflow rates for zones (a) 119, (b) 120, (c) 142, and (d) 143 and the clearing price (black,
right y-axis) in the real medium office 2 building for one winter day.
IEEE Electrification Magazine / DECEMBER 2022
47
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
Time
AHU 1/VAV 120 Airflow Target
AHU 1/VAV 120 Airflow Actual
Price
(b)
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
Air Flow (ft3/min)
Air Flow (ft3/min)
Price (US$/kWh)
Air Flow (ft3/min)
Price (US$/kWh)
Air Flow (ft3/min)
Price (US$/kWh)
Price (US$/kWh)
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IEEE Electrification - December 2022

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