IEEE Electrification - December 2022 - 61

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
4
6
8
Maximum Load
1-minute
30-minutes
15-minutes
5-minutes
Hourly
12 a.m.
4 a.m.
8 a.m.
12 p.m.
4 p.m.
8 p.m.
Figure 3. The impact of time resolution on capturing the data fluctuations of load consumption data. The hourly time resolution captures a peak
load that is a percentage of that experienced at a 1-minute resolution.
operation. These data are needed for load forecasting, disaggregating
customer native load consumption, and
determining what solar PV generation and battery operation
will be in the days, months, and years ahead. For
DERs enrolled in utility programs, establishing a baseline
net load and how DERs may contribute to peak reduction
(e.g., batteries discharging) may require multiple AMI
meters or analysis techniques to estimate the disaggregated
load. Though increasing the
number of customer-sited meters
mostly solves the visibility problem,
it also increases the cost of DER
integration.
For overall visibility challenges,
battery systems are, by far, the
most complicated DER to disaggregate.
PV production can be estimated
if PV technical data are collected
upon interconnection, and physicsbased
models can use either local
irradiance measurements or satellite-based
estimates to estimate
daily production. Battery operation,
on the other hand, depends on customer
and installer programming,
battery capacity (both power and
energy), and algorithm response to
local load consumption and PV production.
For dc-coupled systems,
there is no ac AMI metering placement
that will enable disaggregation
due to a common inverter.
Battery systems are the most likely
customer resource to be enrolled in
a utility DER program, but they are
also among the most challenging
resources to disaggregate.
M
Billing
Meter
Main
Load
Panel
Analyzing the Load
Much information can still be analyzed using the customer
net load. Clustering algorithms and statistical metrics
can be used to generally infer DER operation and, thus,
examine periods of increased or decreased net load,
exports, and imports. Captured information on DER performance
can be extremely valuable, particularly for BTM
storage. Customers and installers may have little
DER Generation
Meter
M
M
Backup
Load Panel
Meter
ATS
Backup
Load
Panel
M
DER Storage
Meter
(a)
Backup Load
Panel Meter
M
DER
Generation
Meter
M
Billing
Meter
Main
Load
Panel
M
ATS
(b)
Figure 4. Potential options for the BTM deployment of billing, DER generation, DER storage, and
backup load panel meters for both ac- and dc-coupled solar PV + storage customers with backup
load panels. (a) An example of an ac-coupled system with four meters. (b) An example of a dc-coupled
system with three meters. ATS: automatic transfer switch; M: meter.
IEEE Electrification Magazine / DECEMBER 2022
61
ac
dc
Backup
Load
Panel
ac
dc
ac
dc
kW
kW
1-minute
5-minutes
15-minutes
30-minutes
60-minutes

IEEE Electrification - December 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification - December 2022