PHEV14.3 BEV >30 25 20 15 10 5 0 D Years >30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Years Years PHEV40 >30 25 20 15 10 5 0 D Gasoline C Cost Trend Gasoline C Cost Trend RTP TOU U FR Electricity Pricing Scheme D Gasoline C Cost Trend RTP TOU U FR Electricity Pricing Scheme (a) RTP TOU FR Electricity Pricing Scheme U (b) (c) Figure 11. The return on incremental premium as a function of fuel price trend and electricity pricing scheme: (a) PHEV40, (b) PHEV14.3, and (c) BEV. D: downward; C: constant; U: upward; FR: flat rate. PHEV14.3 PHEV40 5 0.2 0 0.2 5 0.1 0 0.1 5 0.0 5 0.2 0 0.2 5 0.1 0 0.1 5 0.0 Electricity (US$/kWh) (a) >30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Gasoline 7.0 (US$/galon) 8.0 Years Years Years >30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Gasoline 7.0 (US$/galon) 8.0 Electricity (US$/kWh) 5 0.2 0 0.2 5 0.1 0 0.1 5 0.0 >30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Gasoline 7.0 (US$/galon) 8.0 BEV Electricity (US$/kWh) (b) (c) Figure 12. The return on incremental premium as a function of fixed fuel and electricity prices: (a) PHEV40, (b) PHEV14.3, and (c) BEV. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Years After Purchase (a) 0.6 0.5 PHEV40 BEV PHEV14.3 CV 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 70 0.7 PHEV40 BEV PHEV14.3 CV Tailpipe Smog Precursor Emissions (t) 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Tailpipe Plus Well−to−Wheel CO2 Emissions (t) 90 Years After Purchase (b) Figure 13. CO2 and pollutant gases emission: (a) tailpipe and well-to-wheel CO2 emissions and (b) tailpipe air pollutant gases emission. 70 I E E E E l e c t r i f i c ati o n M agaz ine / j un e 2014