IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2015 - 9

Annual Imported Crude Oil Price (US$/Barrel)

experience. First is simply their size
relative to the available generating
capacity. Historically, no single load
was large in relation to the size of a
ship's generators, except for propulsion on electric propulsion ships. Propulsion, however, is easily controlled
to ensure its ramp rates are relatively
benign, allowing for relatively simple
controls to be used. The second factor
is the inherently transient nature of
these new loads (see Figure 10). Unlike
propulsion, the highly chaotic nature
of these loads is a requirement for

them to operate properly and fulfill
their mission. This presents a new
challenge for the warship power system designer. The traditional
approach would be to install large
input filters on nonlinear loads to
make their input currents conform
with tried and true interface standards such as MIL-STD-1399. However, the sheer size and randomness
associated with some of these systems has been shown to present technical and/or financial challenges to
ship designers.

18
Tier I
Tier II (Global)
Tier III (NOx Emission Control Areas)

16
14
NOx Limit (g/kWh)

of net technologies, such as exhaust
catalysts, electronically injected common rail diesels, and waste-energy
recovery. Alternate fuels, like liquefied
natural gas, are also starting to appear
in some markets.
The volatility of fuel prices has
affected the marine industry as well.
Figure 9 shows fuel prices since 1968.
Although prices are down from their
most recent peak, they have been on
the rise, and fuel continues to be one
of the major costs in the shipping
and cruise industries. Similarly, for
navies, higher fuel prices with
restricted budgets can result in fewer
underway training hours, adversely
affecting readiness.
When we look at warships, one of
the primary drivers of change today
is the development of advanced
weapons and sensors. Today's solidstate radars present a challenging
load profile for traditional generator
sets to match. Many nations are
developing laser weapons, and a few
are working on hypervelocity rail
guns as well. It is these emerging
loads that will present the most
significant challenges for the next
generation of warship designs.
Specifically, there are two aspects
to these loads that depart from prior

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

200

400

600 800 1,000 1,2001,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200
Rated Engine Speed (r/min)

Figure 8. MARPOL Annex VI NOx emission limits (www.dieselnet.com).

Forecast

120
Nominal Price
Real Price (March 2015)

110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1968

1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

2004

2008

2012

2016

Figure 9. The history of fuel prices since 1968 (U.S. Energy Information Administration, March 2015).

IEEE Elec trific ation Magazine / j une 2 0 1 5

9



http://www.dieselnet.com

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2015

IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2015 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2015 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2015 - 1
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2014
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2014
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