IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2017 - 77
the main power grid. However, their capabilities can fulfill
the needs of various users, such as data centers, military
bases, industrial sites, and technology campuses that
require a secure and reliable power supply.
Types of Microgrids
Public Microgrids
The primary objective of microgrids in this category is to
increase the use of renewable resources and increase reliability. Public microgrids include municipalities, cities, and
public campuses. Public microgrids are most often connected to the main power grid.
Private Microgrids
The objective of microgrids in this class is to increase reliability and energy efficiency. Common examples of private
microgrids are those used for defense, university campuses,
and commercial and industrial locations. Private microgrids
are commonly designed to operate in a grid-connected
mode but can also operate in an off-grid mode for a significant amount of time.
energy resources in the form of fossil fuels and renewable
energy. Therefore, deploying power networks that incorporate DERs and do not rely heavily on a main power grid-
i.e., microgrids, disconnected from the main grid-is an
attractive approach to solving the challenges posed by
electrification without involving the cost and time required
to build a traditional power system.
Significant technical advantages and the huge potential
market are driving politicians and investors to develop
microgrid technology. Thus, to strengthen their position in
the rapidly growing microgrid market, two Singapore-based
microgrid research and development (R&D) platforms-the
NTU Eco Campus and the REIDS Semakau Island-were
activated in 2015. These platforms are dedicated to designing, demonstrating, and testing microgrid solutions, but they
are different in an important way. The microgrid on the Eco
Campus is a private microgrid with access to the main grid.
The aim there is to increase supply reliability and improve
energy efficiency. The REIDS microgrid, on the other hand, is
a stand-alone microgrid without access to the main grid. It
uses local energy to meet the demand.
Eco Campus
Isolated Microgrids
The microgrids in this class are intended for islands and
for electrification in developing countries with limited
main grid capacity or where the connection costs or
impacts to the existing power grid are high.
The Motivation Behind Microgrid
Projects in Singapore
The integration of renewable energy and new types of loads
(e.g., electric vehicles) into the utility grid can be very challenging. This requires more advanced and flexible control and protection of voltage, frequency, reversed power flow, and so forth.
To realize these changes, reliable information and communication technologies (e.g., smart meters and data storage), powerful computational platforms, and sophisticated scheduling,
dispatching, and control strategies are required. The
microgrid is a regionally highly intelligent energy system that
can digest or store the intermittent renewable generation
and, consequently, mitigate the negative impact of renewable generation that is directly connected to the grid without
proper control. Moreover, it can operate autonomously when
needed (e.g., to provide demand-side response) or in an emergency (e.g., a disturbance, faults, or bad power quality).
In 2011, roughly 1.3 billion people had no access to
electricity, and over three-fourths of them were in subSaharan Africa and parts of Asia. In Southeast Asia, a
major challenge is to provide electricity to inhabitants
who live dispersed on 17,500 islands in Indonesia and
7,000 islands in the Philippines. In Africa, nearly 90% of the
population are in rural areas that have little or no access
to electricity. The land areas in Africa are much larger than
those in Southeast Asia, which makes traditional electrification more challenging. Nevertheless, Africa has important
The Eco Campus initiative uses the NTU campus and the
neighboring Cleantech Park as living laboratories for R&D.
The NTU Yunnan Garden campus spans 200 hectares and has
more than 150 buildings (academic and office buildings, residential buildings, dormitories, and commercial shops). The
campus can be considered a minicity, with a total resident
and transient population of about 40,000. Innovative technologies (as shown in Figure 2) are either being implemented or
planned in this campus to build an energy ecosystem.
The overall campus energy consumption is about
200 million kWh of electricity, which is the only form of
energy used on the campus. This electricity is largely
drawn from the Singapore grid, but the recent installation
of 5,000 kW of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation would
provide about 3-5% of the total electricity consumption on
the campus. The PV panels are installed on the roof of student dorms and lecturing buildings, as shown in Figure 3.
In the PMM project, the buildings in NTU's School of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering are selected as the
microgrid test platform. PV panels, energy storage, and
diverse loads (critical and noncritical) are involved in this
platform. Most of the time, this microgrid is tied to the
utility grid, except during emergencies. Therefore, ways to
maximize the use of renewable generation and to improve
energy efficiency will be investigated.
The REIDS
The objectives of the REIDS program are to test and demonstrate the smart integration of a wide range of renewable
energy sources (both onshore and offshore), energy storage
systems, and advanced energy end-use control technologies to supply energy to a broad array of residential, industrial, and commercial end users. The technology road map
IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / j une 2 0 1 7
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