IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - 19

an N-phase interleaved converter. If coupled inductors are
used to group two phases together as a unit, the order of
phase shifting will be rearranged so that the two phases
inside one unit will have a phase shift of 180°. For an
eight-phase interleaved dc-dc converter, for example, if
two phases are grouped as a unit via a coupled inductor,
the phase-shifting order will be:
Group #1:
Group #2:
Group #3:
Group #4:
0°
45°
90°
135°
180°
225°
270°
315°.
i1 L1
+
VFC
-
-
-
d
PWM
Controller
+
Figure 16. A schematic diagram of the single-loop, controller-based
boost converter. PWM: pulsewidth modulation.
Vo_ref
S1
CBus
D1
dc Bus
+
R
Vo
Current balancing for interleaved dc-dc converters
should be carefully designed because uneven current
distribution may not only reduce the efficiency but also
increase the current stress of the switches and reduce
the reliability. Thus, a current-balancing layer needs to
be included in the control of multiple-phase interleaved
dc-dc converters. The current-balancing control can be
normally grouped into direct and indirect inductor current
controls.
In the direct inductor current control, all inductor curVo_ref
PI
++
-
Limiter
-
IL
Gid
IL_ref
PI
Figure 17. A block diagram of dual-loop control.
rents are measured for balancing the inductor currents.
Master-slave control is typically used, in which the duty
ratio of the master branch is directly controlled by the
voltage regulation loop, but the duty ratios of the other
slave phases are determined by the voltage loop and the
current-balancing loops. The master-slave current-balancing
control is simple to implement. However, the tuning of
the slave control loops may introduce the fluctuation of
the output voltage. In other words, the voltage regulation
and the current-balancing loops are coupled.
If the microcontroller has sufficient
computing resources, then
the current sharing can be done via
independent current control of
each phase. Figure 18 shows an
example of dual-loop control with
direct current sharing control for an
eight-phase interleaved converter.
The current controller of each
Gvd
Vo
d
d
∗
+
PI
-
UL
UH
IL1
×
÷
Feedforward
-
+
1
∗
IL
+
PI
-
IL2
UH
-
UH
∗
+
PI
-
Voltage Loop
IL8
Current Loop 8
Figure 18. Dual-loop control with direct current sharing and feedforward control.
IEEE Electrification Magazine / JUNE 2021
19
Current Loop 2
d
∗
IL
∗
+
PI
Δd8
+
IL
+
d8 = d + Δd8
Δd2
+
+
d2 = d + Δd2
d
d
Eight-Phase Interleaved
Modulation (Every
Two Phases Reverse
Coupling Designs, the
Phase Difference Is
180°, There Is a Total
of Four Groups, and the
Difference Between
the Other Is 45°)
Current Loop 1
Δd1
+
IL
+
d1 = d + Δd1
...
...
.
.

IEEE Electrification - June 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification - June 2021

Contents
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - Contents
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - 2
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