IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - 25

Bidirectional Charge and Traction System
ac
dc
Electric Machine
Inverter
dc Link
~800 V
dc
dc
Booster
Battery
Link
~400 V
Battery
Grid
External dc Charger
Figure 3. The Continental " AllCharge " integrated topology, as showcased by Bruell et al. in 2016.
inverter as interleaved switching legs. During charging,
the CSR stage takes in electricity, maintains a good power
factor at the grid side, and provides a steady dc current
flow to the next dc-dc stage. Then, the electric machine
and the traction drive inverter function as an interleaved
dc-dc converter to control the current to the battery. Earlier
commercially available vehicle models with the twostage
circuit topology can achieve 43 kW of charging
power on the European three-phase grid. Newer models
follow the Combined Charging System standard and limit
the power of the integrated charger to 22 kW.
In 2017, Continental announced its " AllCharge " integrated
solution, as depicted in Figure 3, which was presented by
Bruell et al. in 2016 and publicized by the company. In this
case, the machine windings are connected to the grid,
functioning as a three-phase inductor, and the traction
drive inverter is operated as a boost rectifier. The system
also features a dc port that enables external fast dc chargers
to be connected to the dc bus of the traction drive
inverter. Apart from the previously mentioned efforts at
commercialization, other leading automotive manufacturers,
such as Tesla, General Motors, and Hyundai, have their
own patents for nonisolated integrated chargers.
Standards and Industrial Practices
to Prevent Electric Hazards
Table 1 presents standards regulating electrical vehicle
chargers to ensure the safety of both the end users and
TABLE 1. Electric vehicle charging safety
standards.
Standard
Safety Regulation
SAE J1772 Grounding continuity
Isolation between battery bus and vehicle
chassis
Maximum onboard Y capacitance
SAE J1766 Minimum isolation resistances between dc/
ac systems and conductive chassis
SAE J2344 Requirements for single-point failure safety
Limitations on ac body currents
Regulation on isolation measuring and isolation
resistance requirements specifically for
nonisolated chargers
High-voltage isolation monitoring: compatibility
of nonisolated chargers and ground fault
detection
UL 2202
UL 943
Touch current test and limitations on human
body impedance voltage drop
The use and noise immunity test standards of
ground fault circuit interrupters
IEC 61851 Protective earth continuity monitoring
ISO 6469.3 Requirements for potential equalization of
conductive parts and vehicle chassis
UL: Underwriters Laboratories; IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission; ISO:
International Organization for Standardization.
IEEE Electrification Magazine / JUNE 2021
25

IEEE Electrification - June 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification - June 2021

Contents
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - Contents
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