IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2016 - 54

Engine-Driven
Generator

Power
Converter

Inverter

APU

Motor
Wheels

Battery

Fuel
Clutch

Gear Box

Clutch

Gear Box

Vertical
Takeoff
Fan

Engine

Propeller

Figure 13. Hybrid propulsion with an electric motor for ground propulsion.

Wheels
Starter/Generator
Inverter

Fuel

Engine

Electrical
Machine

Active
Rectifier

Inverter

Motor

Motor

Propeller

Battery
Clutch

Gear Box

Vertical
Takeoff Fan

Figure 14. Electric motors for flight and ground propulsion and an engine for lift only.

the fuselage, with drive shafts transferring power to rotor
assemblies mounted on the wingtips" [http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Tiltrotor]. The tilt-rotor vehicle can take off and land
vertically like a helicopter and fly like an airplane by tilting its
wing-mounted rotors to function as propellers. It is possible
to take off and land vertically like a helicopter and fly like a
fixed-wing aircraft by tilting its wing-mounted rotors 90° forward to function as propellers. The tilt-rotors are driven by
the electric motors, which are powered from the engine-driven generator and a battery. As in Figure 13, the APU provides
the power for ground propulsion.
The electric power from the APU and from the enginedriven generator used for the tilt-rotor can be combined into
one system, as shown in Figure 16. As in Figure 14, an electric
machine is used for starting the engine and for generating
the electric power using an active rectifier unit. The generator output power is used for powering the ground propulsion
motor and also the motors driving the tilt-rotors.
The architecture of pure electric propulsion for a flying
car is shown in Figure 17. Battery is the source of electric

54

I E E E E l e c t r i f i cati o n M agaz ine / March 2016

power for ground propulsion, flight, and for VTOL. Separate
electric motors are used for achieving the functionalities of
VTOL, flight, and ground propulsion. Instead of a battery
powering the propeller and the vertical takeoff fan, the system could also be configured so that the battery powers
the motors driving the two tilt-rotors for VTOL and flight
(similar to Figure 15) and the ground propulsion motor.
In the architecture of Figure 15, for the ground propulsion, instead of the engine-driven generator as the APU, a
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell can be used for
powering the ground propulsion motors, as shown
in Figure 18. The hydrogen input to the fuel cell can be
stored in a small cylinder. If there is not enough hydrogen
for further driving until the hydrogen filling station is
reached, the dc power to the ground propulsion inverter
can be obtained from the power converter output of the tiltrotor path by closing the switch.
Another possibility is that the two electric motors driving the tilt-rotors (shown in Figures 15, 16, and 18) can be
connected by drive shafts to a common central gearbox so



http://www.en.wikipedia

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2016

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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
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