IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 20

This helped educate and encourage this development,
although actual deployments were slow. For most utilities,
projects have to go through a cycle of perhaps three years
to get anything going. Consequently, there was limited
new deployment before the 2008 recession occurred. This
event slowed many projects across the country.
However, in response to the recession, the U.S. government initiated programs to boost the economy. One of
these, the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act
(ARRA), made millions of dollars available for power system infrastructure development. A small part of the program included funding for the installation of PMUs,
communications, and applications for data management
and system monitoring. This resulted in a large boost of
measurements and system coverage as well as the development and deployment of applications for using the
data. It also supported more data exchange, such as a
secure, redundant communication system built for data
exchange among all utilities in the WECC. The EIPP transitioned into the North American SynchroPhasor Initiative

(NASPI), which carried on the phasor system information
sharing. NASPI tracked its development, including maps
demonstrating system development in North America
(Figure 11).
At this time, the drivers for phasor measurement systems became the system operators [e.g., the independent
system operator (ISO), regional transmission organization,
and so on] as they were the ones who had to deal with realtime situational awareness and also system planning. Since
the transmission owners (TOs) actually installed and maintained equipment, the ISO had to arrange the PMU and
communication installation through them. The first level of
data gathering and system management was the TO. The
data they gathered was then forwarded to the ISO, where it
was combined with data from other TOs. This multilevel
system required the development of advanced monitoring
tools and better troubleshooting techniques to maintain
reliable operation. There have been big improvements, and
the data systems are working successfully, though data
quality problems are still an issue today.

PMUs in the North American Power Grid

Bismarck

Delaware

San Francisco

Phoenix

Legend
PMU Locations
Data Concentrators
With Information Available
as of 17 October 2013

Figure 11. A map of the North American synchrophasor system deployments in 2013 after four years of ARRA support.

20

I E E E E l e c t r i f i cati o n M agaz ine / MARCH 2021



IEEE Electrification - March 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification - March 2021

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