IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 70
and the other is used to receive signals from the control
center and send them to the RTDS, representing quantum
communication. The flowchart of the algorithm running
in the remote server is depicted in Figure 4(c). The User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) is utilized in this testing environment, meaning any UDP packet whose destination IP and
port match those of the receiver will be received. When a
data packet sent from the RTDS is received by the control
center, a given number of quantum key bits are consumed
in the key pool. The key bits are continuously generated by
the QKD simulator and are then added into the key pool.
An existing design of the QKD-based NMs testbed is
illustrated in Figure 5, where three microgrids are connected
with each other. The control centers in different microgrids
are modeled in the same server sharing the same IP address
but having different ports. Each control center is assigned
three different ports-one used to receive measurements
from the RTDS and the others to receive data from other
two control centers. Six GTNETx2 cards with different IP
addresses are utilized, where three of them are used to send
measurements and three are to receive control signals. Six
QKD systems are established in the remote server, where
three of them are for the communications between
neighboring microgrids, and the other three are for the
communications between control centers and local controllers within the same microgrid. Each QKD system is associated with a key pool, meaning that the keys generated by
each QKD system are stored in a separate key pool, and
whenever there is a need to extract keys from a key pool, a
given number of bits will be consumed from that key pool.
Control
Center
Main Power
Grid
QSM
l
Local
Controller
Basis Z
Basis X
0
1
0
1
C
e
nn
ha
lC
a
sic
las
0
1
Basis X 0
1
Basis Z
nt
a
Qu
um
n
an
Ch
el
Classical
Channel
Cl
a
Ch ssic
an al
ne
l
Laser
Key
Generation
Loads
Key Pool
Loads
Key Consumption
PVs
Battery
Plaintext m
Shared Key k
Shared Key k
Ciphertext Ek (m)
Decryptor
Encryptor
Plaintext m
(a)
QSM
Loads
Storages
Control
Center
QSM
Loads
Wind
QSM
QSM
QSM
PVs
Diesel
PVs
Main
Power
Grid
QSM
QSM
Loads
Classical Communication
Quantum Communication
(b)
Figure 3. Examples of the QKD-based microgrid and NM architectures. (a) The QKD-based microgrid architecture. (b) The QKD-based NM architecture. (Source: Tang et al.) QSM: quantum-secure microgrid; PVs: photovoltaics.
70
I E E E E l e c t r i f i cati o n M agaz ine / MARCH 2021
IEEE Electrification - March 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification - March 2021
Contents
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - Contents
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 2
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 3
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 4
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 5
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 6
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 7
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 8
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 9
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 10
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 11
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 12
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 13
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 14
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 15
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 16
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 17
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 18
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 19
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 20
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 21
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 22
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 23
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 24
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 25
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 26
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 27
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 28
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 29
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 30
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 31
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 32
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 33
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 34
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 35
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 36
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 37
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 38
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 39
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 40
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 41
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 42
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 43
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 44
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 45
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 46
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 47
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 48
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 49
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 50
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 51
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 52
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 53
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 54
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 55
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 56
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 57
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 58
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 59
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 60
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 61
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 62
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 63
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 64
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 65
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 66
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 67
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 68
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 69
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 70
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 71
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 72
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 73
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 74
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 75
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 76
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 77
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 78
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 79
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 80
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 81
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 82
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 83
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 84
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 85
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 86
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 87
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 88
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 89
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 90
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 91
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 92
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 93
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 94
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 95
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 96
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 97
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 98
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 99
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 100
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 101
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 102
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 103
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 104
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 105
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 106
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 107
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 108
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 109
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 110
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 111
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - 112
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Electrification - March 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com