IEEE Electrification - March 2022 - 34

frequency and voltage limits. Combining with the simulation
results in Figure 4(a), it is found that, compared to the
reactive power mismatch, the active power mismatch is
more critical for the islanding detection of GFM inverters,
which is also different from the mechanism of islanding
detection for GFL inverters.
The third simulated scenario investigates the impacts
of the P-f and Q-V droop coefficients on the mechanism of
islanding detection for GFM inverters. First, the P-f droop
coefficient Kp is examined with a large active power mismatch;
the corresponding simulation results are shown in
Figure 5. Since the deviation of the PCC voltage magnitude
after islanding is relatively minor, only the waveforms of
the system frequency are presented. From Figure 5, it is
observed that the frequency deviation becomes larger
with the larger Kp, which indicates that the increase of Kp
can reduce the nondetection zone (NDZ) of GFM inverters.
This feature is also quite different from that of GFL inverters,
in which the controller parameters generally do not
affect the NDZ.
Next, the effect of the Q-V droop coefficient Kq is tested,
and the simulation results are presented in Figure 6. It is
observed that, even when Kq is increased from 0.04 to
0.16 p.u., the system frequency after islanding reaches nearly
the same steady-state value in both cases. Hence, the
influence of the Q-V droop coefficient on the mechanism of
0.98
0.985
0.99
0.995
1
1.015
1.02
1.025
59.5
60
58.5
59
58
3
3.5
4
4.5
t (s)
(a)
5
5.5
6
60.05
60.1
60.15
59.95
60
3
3.5
4
4.5
t (s)
(b)
Figure 4. When islanding occurs at t = 3.5 s, the simulation waveforms of a GFM inverter with (a) a large active power mismatch and a nearly
zero reactive power mismatch and (b) a large reactive power mismatch and a nearly zero active power mismatch.
5
5.5
6
59.4
59.6
59.8
60
59.5
60
59
3
3.5
4
4.5
t (s)
(a)
5
5.5
6
3
3.5
4
4.5
t (s)
(b)
Figure 5. When the islanding occurs at t = 3.5 s, the simulation waveforms of a GFM inverter with different P-f droop coefficients Kp.
(a) Kp = 0.04 p.u. (b) Kp = 0.08 p.u. The red-dashed line denotes the lower limit of frequency for islanding detection stipulated by
IEEE Standard 929-2000, which is 59.3 Hz.
5
5.5
6
60.4
60.3
60.2
60.1
60
60.3
60.2
60.1
60
3
3.5
4
4.5
t (s)
(a)
5
5.5
6
3
3.5
4
4.5
t (s)
(b)
Figure 6. When the islanding occurs at t = 3.5 s, the simulation waveforms of GFM inverter with different Q-V droop coefficients Kq.
(a) Kq = 0.04 p.u. (b) Kq = 0.16 p.u.
34
IEEE Electrification Magazine / MARCH 2022
5
5.5
6
f (Hz)
f (Hz)
f (Hz)
Vpcc (p.u.)
f (Hz)
f (Hz)
f (Hz)
Vpcc (p.u.)

IEEE Electrification - March 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification - March 2022

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IEEE Electrification - March 2022 - Cover1
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
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