IEEE Electrification - March 2022 - 57

with weak grids compared to the
same turbine operating in GFL mode.
Impedance-based methods are
effective for evaluating the stability
of IBRs and of Type-3 and Type-4
wind turbines under different grid
conditions and their impact on the
stability of bulk power systems. A
comparison of the positive-sequence
impedance response of the 2.5-MW
Type-3 wind turbine when it is operated
in GFM and GFL modes is
shown in Figure 10. Without special
tuning to mitigate subsynchronous
oscillations, phase response of the
impedance for the GFL mode is outside
the ±90° range at subsynchronous
frequencies. This results in
negative damping at these frequencies,
which can in turn result in
SSOs, particularly when the GFL
wind power plant is interconnected
with series-compensated transmission
lines. In GFM mode, however,
the same Type-3 turbine does not
exhibit negative damping resistance,
making it less likely to experience
SSO problems. This fact demonstrates
another stabilizing property
of GFM wind turbine technology.
Type-5 wind turbines do not need
any GFM controls because GFM is
their natural form of operation. To
better understand turbine loading
and mechanical stresses in various
components of Type-5 wind turbines,
more research and testing are
needed; however, the track record of
a 46-MW Type-5 wind power plant
in New Zealand that uses torquelimiting
gearboxes (TLGs) (which
have been in operation since 2006,
providing 10% of New Zealand's
installed wind capacity) indicates
successful operation under various
wind and grid conditions. That
46-MW wind power plant used the
TLG system invented in the 1980s.
This is a narrow-band variablespeed
system. A recent development
has been to add broadband variablespeed
capability by incorporating a
low-variable-speed (LVS) system,
comprising an electric motor-driven
pump to drive the torque-limiting
pump as a motor in low winds.
IEEE Electrification Magazine / MARCH 2022
57
ωm, θm
Ps
Pm = (1 - s)Ps
vra vrb vrc
isa
isb
isc
Pr = -s.Ps
Lph
ird,ref
Σ
ira
abc
irb
irc
dq
θr
-
ird,ref
Σ
Hri(s)
vsa
vsb
vsc
abc
dq
vsd
vsq
HPLL(s)
Krd
ird
irq
Krd
Σ
mrq
Σ
Hri(s)
ira
mrd
dq
abc
θr
ωl
ωPLL
Σ
θPLL
mrb
mrc
Cdc
-
mra
vdc
+
irb irc
iga
igb igc
mga
abc
mgb
mgc
dq
mgq
Σ
θPLL
Hgi(s)
mgd
Σ
-
Kgd
-
Σ
Igq = 0
Kgd
Hgi(s)
-
igd
igq
dq
abc
θPLL
iga
igb
igc
Σ
-
igd,ref
ita
itb
itc
vsa
vsb
vsc
Vdc
vdc
-
Σ
Figure 7. A Type-3 wind turbine with vector control. PWM: pulsewidth modulation.
PWM
PWM
Hv(s)

IEEE Electrification - March 2022

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